비접촉 초음파 탐상기법을 이용한 스폿용접부 및 탄소복합체의 내부 결함평가 (Internal Defection Evaluation of Spot Weld Part and Carbon Composite using the Non-contact Air-coupled Ultrasonic Transducer Method)
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- 한국산학기술학회논문지
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- 제15권11호
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- pp.6432-6439
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- 2014
NAUT(Non contact Air coupled Ultrasonic Testing)기법은 초음파 탐상법 중의 하나로서 공기중 음향 임피던스의 차이로 생기는 에너지 손실을 High Power 초음파 Pulser Receiver, PRE-AMP, 고감도의 탐촉자로 보완하여 비접촉식으로 초음파 탐상을 가능하게 하는 탐상 방법이다. NAUT는 초음파의 송신 및 수신이 안정된 상태에서 이루어지므로 기존의 접촉식 탐상으로는 불가능하였던 고온, 저온의 물질이나 시험편의 표면이 거친 부분, 좁은 지점 등에서도 탐상이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 NAUT기법의 산업체 실용여부를 알아보기 위해 자동차생산 공정에서 많이 사용하는 스폿용접부 및 CFRP 제품에 있어 상용화 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구에서는 NAUT기법의 사용 여부를 알아보기 위해 자동차 부품에서 많이 사용하는 스폿용접부 및 CFRP 부품의 내부결함 검출을 검출하였다. 스폿용접부에서는 초음파의 투과율이 높아 적색으로 나타났으며, 복층으로 된 부분은 투과율이 낮아 청색 화상이 나타났다. 또한 측정 속도를 결정하는 중요요소인 PRF(Pulse Repetition Frequency;송신펄스주기)에 따라 색상 선명도의 차이를 보였다. CFRP 시험편 또한 화상장치를 통해 취득된 각 화상 결과를 보고 내부 결함의 모양, 크기, 위치 등의 파악이 단시간에 가능하였다. 실험을 통해 NAUT기법과 화상화가 동시에 이루어짐을 확인하였고, 스폿 용접부와 CFRP 탐상에 NAUT의 적용이 가능한지 그 실현여부를 확인하였다.
The damage suffered by steel structures during the Northridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) earthquakes indicates that the fully restrained (FR) connections in steel frames did not behave as expected. Consequently, researchers began studying other possibilities, including making the connections more flexible, to reduce the risk of damage from seismic loading. Recent experimental and analytical investigations pointed out that the seismic response of steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections might be superior to that of similar frames with FR connections since the energy dissipation at PR connections could be significant. This beneficial effect has not yet been fully quantified analytically. Thus, the dissipation of energy at PR connections needs to be considered in analytical evaluations, in addition to the dissipation of energy due to viscous damping and at plastic hinges (if they form). An algorithm is developed and verified by the authors to estimate the nonlinear time-domain dynamic response of steel frames with PR connections. The verified algorithm is then used to quantify the major sources of energy dissipation and their effect on the overall structural response in terms of the maximum base shear and the maximum top displacement. The results indicate that the dissipation of energy at PR connections is comparable to that dissipated by viscous damping and at plastic hinges. In general, the maximum total base shear significantly increases with an increase in the connection stiffness. On the other hand, the maximum top lateral displacement
본 연구는 플라스틱 부품의 체결에 널리 활용되고 있는 스냅핏의 설계에 관하여 연구하였다. 이탈방지 기능이 우수한 이탈방지 스냅핏은 형상과 체결 메카니즘이 복잡하여 기존의 이론식에 기반한 체결력과 이탈력을 해석적으로 구할 수가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이탈방지 스냅핏에 대하여 체결 메커니즘을 분석하고, 실험계획법에 기반하여 체결력 및 이탈력을 측정하고, 분산분석을 통하여 회귀식을 도출하였다. 실험계획은 중심합성계획을 사용하였다. Polybutylene terephthalate를 이용하여 시편을 제작하여 미소인장시험기를 이용하여 체결력과 이탈력을 측정하였다. 설계인자는 Length, Width, Thickness, Interference 등 4개를 선정하였으며, 2차 회귀모형을 이용하여 체결력과 이탈력에 대한 회귀식을 도출하였다. Length와 Width가 증가할수록 체결력은 낮아졌으며, Thickness와 Interference는 증가할수록 체결력이 증가하였다. 이탈력은 체결력과 반대의 결과를 나타내었다. 유한요소법을 이용하여 체결 역학에 대하여 분석하였다. Width는 체결단계에서 단면관성모멘트의 증가를 통한 보의 강성 증가 효과 보다는, 오히려 길이 증가에 따른 연성증대로 인하여 체결력을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 낮은 체결력과 높은 이탈력을 위한 인자들의 영향도는 서로 상반되는 것으로 나타났다. 적정 수준의 이탈력을 유지하면서 체결력을 최소화하는 설계가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.
본 연구는 선형, 비선형 hygrothermal 응력 문제를 위한 explicit-Implicit 유한요소 해석 모델 개발에 관한 것이다. 부가적으로 moilsture 확산 방정식, J-적분 평가를 위한 균열 요소 및 가상 균열 진전법이 도입된다. 시간 변화에 따른 균열 추진력을 계산하기 위하여 선형 탄성 파괴 역학(LEFM)이론이 고려되며 재료의 기공은 실온에서 액체 상태의 습기로 포화되어 있으며 온도가 상승함에 따라 증기화된다는 가정하에서 균열 추진력과 증기 효과의 관계가 연구된다. 이상 기체방정식은 각 시간 단계에서 증기에 의한 열역학적 압력을 계산하기 위하여 이용된다. 다공질 재료의 시간 종속 응답을 지배하는 방정식들은 혼합이론에 기초하며 다공질 재료의 유체 흐름을 위한 Darcy의 법칙과 Von-Mises 항복 기준을 포함하고 있는 Perzyna의 점소성 모델이 첨가된다. 또한 Green-Naghdi 응력률이 중첩된 강체 운동하에서 응력 텐서 invariant로 사용되며, 모델링을 위하여 사각요소가 이용되고 비선형 지배 방정식을 풀기 위하여 full Newton-Raphson법에 의한 반복법이 사용된다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 본 유한요소 프로그램은 복합재의 hygrothermal 파괴 해석에 매우 유용하게 적용될 수 있다. 2) 습기의 온도에 의한 영향을 가지는 재료의 J-적분을 정확히 예측하기 위하여는 증기 효과를 고려하여야 한다. 왜냐하면 초기단계에 균열 전파력이 가속되기 때문이다. 3) 본 해석을 위해 Uncoupled scheme에 의한 결과도 Coupled scheme에 결과에 비해 아주 타당하므로 CPU 측면에서 매우 경제적인 Uncoupled scheme이 추천된다.
On the basis of the geological conditions of high and steep mountainous slope on which an exit portal of an express railway tunnel with a bridge-tunnel combination is to be built, the composite structure of the exit portal with a bridge abutment of the bridge-tunnel combination is presented and the stability of the slope on which the express railway portal is to be built is analyzed using three dimensional (3D) numerical simulation in the paper. Comparison of the practicability for the reinforcement of slope with in-situ bored piles and diaphragm walls are performed so as to enhance the stability of the high and steep slope. The safety factor of the slope due to rockmass excavation both inside the exit portal and beneath the bridge abutment of the bridge-tunnel combination has been also derived using strength reduction technique. The obtained results show that post tunnel portal is a preferred structure to fit high and steep slope, and the surrounding rock around the exit portal of the tunnel on the high and steep mountainous slope remains stable when rockmass is excavated both from the inside of the exit portal and underneath the bridge abutment after the slope is reinforced with both bored piles and diaphragm walls. The stability of the high and steep slope is principally dominated by the shear stress state of the rockmass at the toe of the slope; the procedure of excavating rockmass in the foundation pit of the bridge abutment does not obviously affect the slope stability. In-situ bored piles are more effective in controlling the deformation of the abutment foundation pit in comparison with diaphragm walls and are used as a preferred retaining structure to uphold the stability of slope in respect of the lesser time, easier procedure and lower cost in the construction of the exit portal with bridge-tunnel combination on the high and steep mountainous slope. The results obtained from the numerical analysis in the paper can be used to guide the structural design and construction of express railway tunnel portal with bridge-tunnel combination on high and abrupt mountainous slope under similar situations.
To realize the recycling utilization of waste concrete and alleviate the shortage of resources, 11 specimens of steel reinforced recycled concrete (SRRC) filled circular steel tube columns were designed and manufactured in this study, and the cyclic loading tests on the specimens of columns were also carried out respectively. The hysteretic curves, skeleton curves and performance indicators of columns were obtained and analysed in detail. Besides, the finite element model of columns was established through OpenSees software, which considered the adverse effect of recycled coarse aggregate (RA) replacement rates and the constraint effect of circular steel tube on internal RAC. The numerical calculation curves of columns are in good agreement with the experimental curves, which shows that the numerical model is relatively reasonable. On this basis, a series of nonlinear parameters analysis on the hysteretic behaviors of columns were also investigated. The results are as follows: When the replacement rates of RA increases from 0 to 100%, the peak loads of columns decreases by 7.78% and the ductility decreases slightly. With the increase of axial compression ratio, the bearing capacity of columns increases first and then decreases, but the ductility of columns decreases rapidly. Increasing the wall thickness of circular steel tube is very profitable to improve the bearing capacity and ductility of columns. When the section steel ratio increases from 5.54% to 9.99%, although the bearing capacity of columns is improved, it has no obvious contribution to improve the ductility of columns. With the decrease of shear span ratio, the bearing capacity of columns increases obviously, but the ductility decreases, and the failure mode of columns develops into brittle shear failure. Therefore, in the engineering design of columns, the situation of small shear span ratio (i.e., short columns) should be avoided as far as possible. Based on this, the calculation model on the skeleton curves of columns was established by the theoretical analysis and fitting method, so as to determine the main characteristic points in the model. The effectiveness of skeleton curve model is verified by comparing with the test skeleton curves.
Energy harvesting technology that converts the wasted energy resources into electrical energy is emerging as a semipermanent power source for self-powered electronics and wireless low-power sensor systems. Among the various energy conversion techniques, flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters (f-PEHs), using materials with piezoelectric effects, have attracted significant interest because they can harvest a small mechanical energy into electrical signals without constraints of time and space in various environments. In this study, we used a flexible piezoelectric composite film fabricated by dispersing BaHfxTi(1-x)O3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) piezoelectric powders inside a polymeric matrix to facilitate f-PEHs. The fabricated f-PEH with optimal Hf contents (x = 0.05) generated a maximum output voltage of 0.95 V and current signal of 130 nA with stable electrical/mechanical disabilities under periodically bending deformations. In addition, we demonstrated a cantilever-type f-PEH and investigated its potential as a sensor by characterizing the output performance under mechanical vibrations at various frequencies. This study provides the breakthrough for realizing self-powered energy harvesting and sensing systems by adopting the lead-free piezoelectric composites under vibrational environments.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70