• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2015

합성구조의 안전성의 보장을 위해 대부분의 설계기준은 경험적 사실을 기반으로 강재의 설계기준항복강도의 상한선을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 세장비가 큰 콘크리트충전강관기둥과 같이 탄성 좌굴하중에 영향을 받는 부재의 경우 설계강도를 크게 낮게 평가함에 따라 비경제적 설계가 수행될 경우가 발생한다. 따라서 세장한 기둥의 경제적 설계를 위해 현행 설계기준에서 제시하고 있는 강재의 설계기준항복강도 이상의 항복강도를 보유한 강재가 사용될 경우 설계기준의 안전성에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 다양한 경우에서의 높은 설계기준항복강도의 적용성 평가를 위하여 유한요소해석을 사용한 변수분석을 계획하였으며, 680MPa 급의 항복강도를 보유한 강재가 적용된 세장한 직사각형 콘크리트 충전 강관기둥의 실험을 수행하여 유한요소해석 모델의 적합성 평가와 고강도 강재의 적용성 평가를 수행하였다. 변수분석에 적용된 변수는 강재의 항복강도, 콘크리트의 설계기준압축강도, 강재의 두께와 세장비로 구성되었다. 각 변수들은 KBC 2009에 의한 강도와 비교되었다. 54개의 모델에 대한 변수분석 결과와 기 수행 연구결과들을 통해 세장한 직사각형 콘크리트 충전 강관기둥은 KBC에서 제안하고 있는 강재항복강도의 제한을 초과할 경우에도 안전하게 설계될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of monosaccharides extracted by saturated portland cement solution on the cement setting in comparision with the inhibitory index (I) of each lignocellulosic-cement system. The wood species which have been widely reforested in Korea, Populus alba-grandulosa, Larix leptolepis, Abies holophylla, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora and agricultural wastes of rice husk and rice stalk were used at this study. The wood meal, 0.50g on dry weight basis, through 0.83 mm(20 mesh) and retained on 0.35mm (40 mesh) screen was extracted by 25 ml saturated portland cement solution and the pH of saturated portland cement solution Was 12.7. To eliminate cation exsisting in the extracted solution, the cation exchange column was used (Fig. 4). Afterwards the extracted monosaccharides were reduced into alditols with sodium borohydride and analyzed by the gas-liquid chromatography for xylan, mannan, arabinan, galactan, gluean. The heat of cement hydration for lignocellulosic-cement system was measured in Dewar flask (Fig. 2). And then the inhibitory indices were calculated from maximum hydration temperature, time and maximum slops of hydration curve of ligno cellulosic-cement systems. The results obtained were as follows; (1) The inhibitory index of pines-Pinus rigida (I=29.33) and Pinus densiflora (I=35.76), were lower than that of poplar-Populus alba-glandulosa (I=41.48), and the index of Larix ieptoiepis (I=73.00) was the highest among eight lignocellulosic-cement systems, and accordingly both Pinus rigida and Pinus des(flora were seemed to be good wood species for wood-cement composite manufacture. (2) In case of Pinus rigida, the inhibitory index was 29.33 and the ratio of the hexoses to the pemoses was 6.04 and in case of Larix leptolepis, the index and the ratio were 73.00 and 35.19, respectively. Therefore the inhibitory index increased with increasing the ratios of the hexoses to the pentoses. (3) The richer amount of xylose and mannose in species caused decreasing the slops of the hydration curve of the lignocellulosic-cement system, prohahly due to the chemical adsorption of the acetyl groups in the hemicellulose on the surface of cement grains. (4) The amoun of xylose and mannose were significant to the inhibitory index of each lignocellulosic-cement system but any specific relation between the amount of glucose and inhibitory index was not found.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.747-754
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• 2017

본 논문은 강관과 콘크리트가 함께 축력에 저항하는 합리적인 콘크리트 강관구조형식에 대해 무피복상태에서 내화성능을 높이는 연구이다. 콘크리트 강관구조는 내부 콘크리트로 인한 열저항 성능이 매우 우수하지만, 국내에서는 일정시간 동안 내화성능을 확보하도록 규정하고 있는 내화구조시스템으로 피복처리가 되지 않는 상태에서는 활발하게 적용되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 콘크리트충전 강관구조 기둥의 구조성능을 향상시키기 위하여 강관 내측면에 부착하는 리브요소를 개발하고 그것의 효과적인 형상을 개발하는 연구로서 콘크리트 강관기둥 내측면에 Corrugated Rib를 부착하여 구조적압축 및 좌굴 저항능력을 향상시키는 CFT 시스템을 개발하고자 한다. 이에 대한 연구 결과, 강관 내면 부착 리브의 적용으로 내화시 CFT 기둥의 내력상승에 의한 좌굴방지를 확인하였고, 내화성능기준 또한 만족하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 개발된 강재리브(Corrugate rib)구조 보강재를 활용한 CFT의 공법은 내화피복 없이 구조 및 내화성능을 만족시키는 것으로 판단된다. 향후 rib의 다양한 형태를 변수로 하는 연구와 공장생산에서 공정을 효율화 시키고, 경제성 있는 시스템으로 활용할 수 있도록 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.743-767
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• 2020

Due to the impressive flexural performance, enhanced compressive strength and more constrained crack propagation, Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) have been widely employed in the construction application. Majority of experimental studies have focused on the seismic behavior of FRC columns. Based on the valid experimental data obtained from the previous studies, the current study has evaluated the seismic response and compressive strength of FRC rectangular columns while following hybrid metaheuristic techniques. Due to the non-linearity of seismic data, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been incorporated with metaheuristic algorithms. 317 different datasets from FRC column tests has been applied as one database in order to determine the most influential factor on the ultimate strengths of FRC rectangular columns subjected to the simulated seismic loading. ANFIS has been used with the incorporation of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic algorithm (GA). For the analysis of the attained results, Extreme learning machine (ELM) as an authentic prediction method has been concurrently used. The variable selection procedure is to choose the most dominant parameters affecting the ultimate strengths of FRC rectangular columns subjected to simulated seismic loading. Accordingly, the results have shown that ANFIS-PSO has successfully predicted the seismic lateral load with R² = 0.857 and 0.902 for the test and train phase, respectively, nominated as the lateral load prediction estimator. On the other hand, in case of compressive strength prediction, ELM is to predict the compressive strength with R² = 0.657 and 0.862 for test and train phase, respectively. The results have shown that the seismic lateral force trend is more predictable than the compressive strength of FRC rectangular columns, in which the best results belong to the lateral force prediction. Compressive strength prediction has illustrated a significant deviation above 40 Mpa which could be related to the considerable non-linearity and possible empirical shortcomings. Finally, employing ANFIS-GA and ANFIS-PSO techniques to evaluate the seismic response of FRC are a promising reliable approach to be replaced for high cost and time-consuming experimental tests.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on effects of local damages on the in-plane elastic-plastic buckling and strength of a fixed parabolic steel tubular arch under a vertical load distributed uniformly over its span, which have not been reported in the literature hitherto. The in-plane structural behaviour and strength of ten specimens with different local damages are investigated experimentally. A finite element (FE) model for damaged steel tubular arches is established and is validated by the test results. The FE model is then used to conduct parametric studies on effects of the damage location, depth and length on the strength of steel arches. The experimental results and FE parametric studies show that effects of damages at the arch end on the strength of the arch are more significant than those of damages at other locations of the arch, and that effects of the damage depth on the strength of arches are most significant among those of the damage length. It is also found that the failure modes of a damaged steel tubular arch are much related to its initial geometric imperfections. The experimental results and extensive FE results show that when the effective cross-section considering local damages is used in calculating the modified slenderness of arches, the column bucking curve b in GB50017 or Eurocode3 can be used for assessing the remaining in-plane strength of locally damaged parabolic steel tubular arches under uniform compression. Furthermore, a useful interaction equation for assessing the remaining in-plane strength of damaged steel tubular arches that are subjected to the combined bending and axial compression is also proposed based on the validated FE models. It is shown that the proposed interaction equation can provide lower bound assessments for the remaining strength of damaged arches under in-plane general loading.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.43-57
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• 2023

The impacts of waste tire rubber (WTR) on the bending conduct of reinforced concrete beams (RCBs) are investigated in visualization of experimental tests and 3D finite element model (FEM) using both ANSYS and SAP2000. Several WTR rates are used in total 4 various full scale RCBs to observe the impact of WTR rate on the rupture and bending conduct of RCBs. For this purpose, the volumetric ratios (Vf) of WTR were chosen to change to 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% in the whole concrete. In relation to experimental test consequences, bending and rupture behaviors of the RCBs are observed. The best performance among the beams was observed in the beams with 2.5% WTR. Furthermore, as stated by test consequences, it is noticed that while WTR rate in the RCBs is improved, max. bending in the RCBs rises. For test consequences, it is clearly recognized as WTR rate in the RCB mixture is improved from 0% to 2.5%, deformation value in the RCB remarkably rises from 3.89 cm to 7.69 cm. This consequence is markedly recognized that WTR rates have a favorable result on deformation values in the RCBs. Furthermore, experimental tests are compared to 3D FEM consequences via using ANSYS software. In the ANSYS, special element types are formed and nonlinear multilinear misses plasticity material model and bilinear misses plasticity material model are chosen for concrete and compression and tension elements. As a consequence, it is noticed that each WTR rates in the RCBs mixture have dissimilar bending and rupture impacts on the RCBs. Then, to observe the impacts of WTR rate on the constructions under near-fault ground motions, a reinforced-concrete building was modelled via using SAP2000 software using 3-D model of the construction to complete nonlinear static analysis. Beam, column, steel haunch elements are modeled as nonlinear frame elements. Consequently, the seismic impacts of WTR rate on the lateral motions of each floor are obviously investigated particularly. Considering reduction in weight of structure and capacity of the members with using waste tire rubber, 2.5% of WTR resulted in the best performance while the construction is subjected to near fault earthquakes. Moreover, it is noticeably recognized that WTR rate has opposing influences on the seismic displacement behavior of the RC constructions.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.600-607
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• 2010

2008년 동아시아 대륙에서 발생기원이 다른 먼지(황사)와 인위적 오염입자의 광역적 이동 사례를 NOAA위성 RGB 합성영상과 지상 입경별 분진(TSP, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$)의 질량농도 관측으로 분석하였다. 또한 Terra/Aqua 위성 MODIS(Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 센서의 AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)와 FW(Fine aerosol Weighting)를 통해 동아시아 지역에서 발생기원이 다른 대기 에어로졸의 분포와 입자 크기 특성을 분석하였다. 중국 북부와 몽골, 그리고 중국 황토고원에서 모래폭풍이 발생하여 광역적으로 이동하여 청원에 먼지입자(황사)로 영향을 주는 6 개의 사례분석을 실시하였다. 질량농도 TSP중 $PM_{10}$은 70%, $PM_{2.5}$는 16%로 조대입자(> $2.5\;{\mu}m$)의 비율이 큰 것은 사막과 반사막의 자연적 발생원에서 생성되었기 때문이다. 그러나, 모래 폭풍이 이동 과정에서 중국 동부의 산업 지역을 거쳐 유입하는 사례에서는 TSP 중 $PM_{2.5}$가 23%까지 증가하기도 했다. 중국 동부로부터 황해를 거쳐 한반도로 유입한 5개 다른 사례의 경우, TSP 중 $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$가 각각 82, 65%로 나타났다. 이와 같이 $PM_{2.5}$의 상대적 비율이 증가한 것은 인위적 오염입자의 영향 때문이다. 동아시아 지역에서 인위적 오염입자의 광역적 이동 사례에 대한 평균 AOD는 $0.42{\pm}0.17$로 황사에 의한 AOD($0.36{\pm}0.13$)와 비교하여 대기 에어로졸에 대한 비율이 높게 나타났다. 특히, 중국 동부에서 황해, 한반도, 동해에 이르는 광역적 지역에 AOD값이 높게 분포했다. 인위적 오염입자의 사례는 FW가 평균 $0.63{\pm}0.16$로 모래폭풍의 이동 사례의 $0.52{\pm}0.13$ 보다 높은 값을 보였다. 이는 대기 에어로졸에 대한 인위적 미세 오염 입자의 기여도가 클 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.