• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.379-393
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the complexity of scientific reasoning during open inquiry activities of pre-service elementary school teachers. In this study, 6 pre-service elementary teachers who participated in open-inquiry activities were selected. The data of scientific reasoning during their inquiry process was collected from the video recording of reporting about inquiry process and results, their reports and researcher's notetaking. CSRI Matrix (Dolan & Grady, 2010) was used to analyze the complexity of participants' scientific reasoning. The result showed that the degree of the complexity of their scientific reasoning varied in participants. Particularly the low degree of the complexity of scientific reasoning presented in posing preliminary hypotheses, providing suggestions for future research, communicating and defending finding. Also, The more pre-service teachers' epistemology of inquiry are similar to that of scientists, the more complex scientific reasoning represents. This results suggest that teachers should impress on students the importance of doing the precedent study and providing suggestions for future research, and provide a place for communicating and defending findings.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.911-938
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• 2011

The present study examined the effect of two variables of task complexity, reasoning demand and time pressure, each from the resourcedirecting and resource-dispersing dimension in Robinson's (2001) framework of task classification. Reasoning demand was operationalized as the two types of texts to read and summarize, expository and argumentative. Time pressure was operationalized as the two modes of performance, oral and written. Six university students summarized the two types of text orally and twenty four students from the same school summarized them in the written form. Results from t test and ANCOVA showed that in the oral mode, reasoning demand tends to heighten the complexity of the language used in the summary in competition with accuracy but such an effect disappeared in the written mode. It was interpreted that the degree of time pressure is not the only difference between the oral and written modes but that the two modes may be fundamentally different cognitive tasks, and that Robinson's (2001) and Skehan's (1998) models were differentially supported by the oral mode of tasks but not by the written mode of the tasks.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.323-337
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• 2013

이 연구의 목적은 자유탐구 활동에서 나타난 중학교 2학년 과학 영재 학생들의 과학적 추론 능력을 알아보는 것이다. 과학영재들이 과학자가 지식을 얻는 과정과 유사한 자유탐구 활동을 실시할 때 어떠한 과학적 추론과정을 거쳐 탐구하고 있으며 과학적 추론 능력이 어느 정도인지를 확인하고 분석하는 것은, 학생 지도에 있어서 교육적 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 이를 위하여 정선희 등(2011)이 번역한 Dolan과 Grady(2010)의 CSRI Matrix를 이용하여 추론 복잡성을 분석하였으며, 추론 복잡성이 높을수록 과학자가 지식을 얻는 과학적 추론 과정과 비슷하다. 연구 결과, 자유탐구의 과정별로 추론 복잡성 단계는 다양하게 분포하였다. 특히 의문 생성 과정과 연구 의문과 자료 연결 과정은 5개 팀이 모두 비교적 높은 추론 복잡성 단계를 나타낸 반면, 예비가설 생성과정 변인 선택 실험의 한계나 결점 고려 등은 비교적 낮은 단계를 나타내었다. 그리고 의사소통 및 연구 결과 방어는 가장 다양한 추론 복잡성 단계 분포를 나타내었다.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.338-344
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• 2014

As the role of information collection becomes increasingly important in the enormous data environment, there is growing demand for more intelligent information technologies for managing complex data. On the other hand, it is difficult to find a solution because of the data complexity and big scaled amount. Accordingly, there is a need for a special intelligent knowledge base frame that can be operated by itself flexibly. In this paper, by adopting switching function for signal transmission in the synapse of the human brain, I/E selective activation based knowledge reconfiguring mechanism is proposed for building more intelligent information management system. In particular, knowledge network design, a special knowledge node structure, Type definition, I/E gauge definition and I/E matching scheme are provided. Using these concepts, the proposed system makes the functions of activation by I/E Gauge, selection and reconfiguration. In a more efficient manner, the routing and reasoning process was performed based on the knowledge reconfiguration network. In the experiments, the process of selection by I/E matching, knowledge reconfiguration and routing & reasoning results are described.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.185-204
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• 2010

지구과학 탐구 대상은 다른 학문의 탐구 대상과 달리 거대한 시 공간적 규모, 접근 불가능성, 통제 불가능성, 복잡성 등을 지니고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 지구과학의 탐구 대상을 실험실 내에서 실제 조작을 통해 탐구하는 것은 매우 어렵거나 심지어 불가능하다. 따라서 지구과학에서는 실제 조작을 하지 않고도 탐구를 할 수 있는 대안이 필요하다. 실제 조작을 하지 않고 탐구를 수행하는 대표적인 탐구인 사고실험으로부터 추론의 역할을 재조명하고 추론을 사용한기존의 탐구 수업 모형들의 특징을 조사하였다. 각 탐구 모형들을 지구과학에 적용하는데 있어서의 시사점을 살펴보고 이들을 바탕으로 지구과학적 현상의 탐구에 적합한 추론 중심 탐구수업 모형을 제안한다.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제17B권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2010

표준화된 매개변수 소속함수에 기반을 둔 언어적 케이스 기반 퍼지 추론 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 선형 시간 복잡도를 갖는 퍼지 추론을 위한 효율적인 방법을 제공한다. 결과적으로 제안된 방법은 퍼지 추론의 속도를 개선하는데 사용될 수 있다. 언어적 케이스 기반 퍼지 추론 과정에서 표준화된 매개변수 소속함수에 기반을 둔 언어적 케이스 색인과 검색 방법을 제시한다. 이는 기존의 언어 근사 방법과 비교할 때 상대적으로 빠르게 계산될 수 있다. 공학적인 관점에서 이는 가치 있는 장점이 될 수 있다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 1992

After much research on qualitative reasoning, the problem of ambiguities still hampers the practicality of this important AI tool. In this paper, the sources of ambiguities are examined in depth with a systems engineering point of view and possible directions to disambiguation are suggested. This includes some modeling strategies and an architecture of temporal inference for building unambiguous qualitative models of practical complexity. It is argued that knowledge of multiple levels in abstraction hierarchy must be reflected in the modeling to resolve ambiguities by introducing the designer's decisions. The inference engine must be able to integrate two different types of temporal knowledge representation to determine the partial ordering of future events. As an independent quantity management system that supports the suggested modeling approach, LIQUIDS(Linear Quantity-Information Deriving System) is described. The inference scheme can be conjoined with ordinary rule-based reasoning systems and hence generalized into many different domains.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1997

A DEDS is a system whose states change in response to the occurence of events from a predefined event set. In this paper, we consider the optimal control and reasoning problem for Discrete Event Systems(DES) in the Temporal Logic Framework(TEL) which have been recnetly defined. The TLE is enhanced with objective functions(event cost indices) and a measurement space is alos deined. A sequence of event which drive the system form a give initial state to a given final state is generated by minimizing a cost functioin index. Our research goal is the reasoning of optimal trajectory and the design of the optimal controller for DESs. This procedure could be guided by the heuristic search methods. For the heuristic search, we suggested the Stochastic Ruler algorithm, instead of the A algorithm with difficulties as following ; the uniqueness of solutions, the computational complexity and how to select a heuristic function. This SR algorithm is used for solving the optimal problem. An example is shown to illustrate our results.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 1997

Weld bead shape is an important measure for evaluation of weld quality. Many welding parameters have influence on the weld bead shape. The quantitative relationship between welding parameters and bead shape, however, is not determined yet because of their high complexity and many unknown factors. Fuzzy expert system is an advanced expert system which uses fuzzy rules and approximate reasoning. It is a vert useful tool for welding technology because is can process rationally the uncertain and inexact information such as the welding information. In this paper, the empirical and the qualitative relationship between welding parameters and bead shape are analyzed and represented by fuzzy rules. They are converted to the quantitative relationship by use of approximate reasoning of fuzzy expert system. Weld bead shape is estimated from the welding parameters using fuzzy expert system. The result of comparison between measured values of weld bead by welding experiments and the estimates values by fuzzy expert system shows a good consistancy.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.753-772
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• 2014

The paper presents functional modelling and its application for diagnosis in nuclear power plants. Functional modelling is defined and its relevance for coping with the complexity of diagnosis in large scale systems like nuclear plants is explained. The diagnosis task is analyzed and it is demonstrated that the levels of abstraction in models for diagnosis must reflect plant knowledge about goals and functions which is represented in functional modelling. Multilevel flow modelling (MFM), which is a method for functional modelling, is introduced briefly and illustrated with a cooling system example. The use of MFM for reasoning about causes and consequences is explained in detail and demonstrated using the reasoning tool, the MFMSuite. MFM applications in nuclear power systems are described by two examples: a PWR; and an FBR reactor. The PWR example show how MFM can be used to model and reason about operating modes. The FBR example illustrates how the modelling development effort can be managed by proper strategies including decomposition and reuse.