• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.1496-1509
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• 2005

In this paper, an adaptive license plate recognition system which detects and recognizes license plate at real-time by using projected plane convolution and Decision Tree Classifier is proposed. And it was tested in circumstances which presence of complex background. Generally, in expressway tollgate or gateway of parking lots, it is very difficult to detect and segment license plate because of size, entry angle and noisy problem of vehicles due to CCD camera and road environment. In the proposed algorithm, we suggested to extract license plate candidate region after going through image acquisition process with inputted real-time image, and then to compensate license size as well as gradient of vehicle with change of vehicle entry position. The proposed algorithm can exactly detect license plate using accumulated edge, projected convolution and chain code labeling method. And it also segments letter of license plate using adaptive binary method. And then, it recognizes license plate letter by applying hybrid pattern vector method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can recognize the front and rear direction license plate at real-time in the presence of complex background environments. Accordingly license plate detection rate displayed $98.8\%$ and $96.5\%$ successive rate respectively. And also, from the segmented letters, it shows $97.3\%$ and $96\%$ successive recognition rate respectively.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.18B no.5
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• pp.255-264
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a forward vehicle detection algorithm using column detection and bird's-eye view mapping based on stereo vision. The algorithm can detect forward vehicles robustly in real complex traffic situations. The algorithm consists of the three steps, namely road feature-based column detection, bird's-eye view mapping-based obstacle segmentation, obstacle area remerging and vehicle verification. First, we extract a road feature using maximum frequent values in v-disparity map. And we perform a column detection using the road feature as a new criterion. The road feature is more appropriate criterion than the median value because it is not affected by a road traffic situation, for example the changing of obstacle size or the number of obstacles. But there are still multiple obstacles in the obstacle areas. Thus, we perform a bird's-eye view mapping-based obstacle segmentation to divide obstacle accurately. We can segment obstacle easily because a bird's-eye view mapping can represent the position of obstacle on planar plane using depth map and camera information. Additionally, we perform obstacle area remerging processing because a segmented obstacle area may be same obstacle. Finally, we verify the obstacles whether those are vehicles or not using a depth map and gray image. We conduct experiments to prove the vehicle detection performance by applying our algorithm to real complex traffic situations.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 1995

In Escherichia coli, CRP forms a complex with cAMP and acts as a transcriptional regulator of many genes, including sugar metabolism operons. The E. coli MK2001, which is introduced the altered crp, is functional in the expression of lac, ara and man, in the absence of cAMP. However, the expression of mal gene is fully activated by the addition of cAMP or cGMP. The object of the study is cloning of the sfs (sugar fermentation stimulation) genes, which was involved in regulation of mal gene expression with the altered crp gene, and structural analysis and characterization of the genes at the molecular level. We have cloned 5 different E. coli genes which stimulate the maltose metabolism in a crp, cya::km (MK2001) background. Newly identified genes were designated as sfs. One of the sfs genes (pPC1), located at the 53.2 min map position on the E. coli chromosome, was further analyzed. Expression of the genes, which is involved in maltose metabolism, malQ (amylomaltase), was increased to 5.8-fold in the presence of a plasmid, pAP5, containing the subcloned sfs4 gene. The nucleotide seguence of a common 2,126 bp segment of the pPCM1 was determined and two open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) were detected. The ORF1 encodes the sfs4 gene and ORF2 encodes a truncated protein. Potential CRP binding site is located in the upstream of the putative promoter in the regulatory region. Expression of the cloned sfs4 gene was positively regulated by the cAMP-CRP complex.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.735-746
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• 1993

Electrocardiographic parameters of amplitude and the shape of waves on the unipolar precordial chest leads in the normal Korean native cattles have been measured with a 3 channel electrocardiograph built in a computed and analysis. The study was conducted on 98 heads of mean age of 17.6 months. The wave forms of P, T and QRS complex wave in all leads showed various types. The parameters of the amplitude in the wave types showed the most frequency in each lead that were analyzed as follow : 1. In P wave, amplitudes of positive type showed a frequency of 92.9% and 93.9% in leads $CV_6LU$ and $CV_6LL$ that were $83.8{\pm}31.0{\mu}V$ and $76.0{\pm}30.7{\mu}V$, and negative type showed a frequency of 97.9% in lead V 10 that were $-80.2{\pm}29.4{\mu}V$, respectively. But the plate type in leads $CV_6RU$ and $CV_6RL$ showed frequency of 48% and 58.3%, respectively. 2. Average amplitude of the QRS complex were in a range of $277.0{\pm}154.0{\mu}V$ to $648.2{\pm}146.2{\mu}V$(mean of $418.8{\pm}139.4{\mu}V$) in all leads that were manifested the Low-Voltage QRS complex(below 1 mV in unipolar precordial leads). Average amplitudes of each wave type in the QRS complex were $-250.0{\pm}139.8{\mu}V$ and $-399.2{\pm}226.8{\mu}V$ in the QS group types that showed a frequency of 50.0% and 82.5% in the leads $CV_6LU$ and $CV_6LL$, respectively. And average amplitudes of the R group types showed a frequency of 85.6%, 56.1% and 75.8% in the $CV_6RU$, $CV_6RL$ and $V_{10}$ that were $321.5{\pm}142.1{\mu}V$, $271.6{\pm}139.9{\mu}V$ and $552.4{\pm}132.7{\mu}V$, respectively. 3. In T waves, Amplitudes of the positive type showed a frequency of 60.2%, 46.9% and 83.7% in leads of $CV_6LL$, $CV_6RU$ and $CV_6RL$ that were respectively $184.7{\pm}93.7{\mu}V$ $103.7{\pm}64.43{\mu}V$ and $111.8{\pm}39.3{\mu}V$, the negative type showed a frequency of 62.2% and 93.7% in leads $CV_6LU$ and $V_{10}$ that were $142.2{\pm}82.1{\mu}V$ and $-280.3{\pm}107.2{\mu}V$, respectively. 4. Average amplitude of ST segment were $3.7{\pm}33.1{\mu}V$, $0.9{\pm}23.1{\mu}V$, $10.9{\pm}28.6{\mu}V$, $5.8{\pm}28.3{\mu}V$ and $-34.7{\pm}48.4{\mu}V$ in leads $CV_6LL$, $CV_6RU$, $CV_6RL$, $CV_6LU$ and $V_{10}$ respectively.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.119-133
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• 2019

This study is as skyscrapers are becoming increasingly taller, more constructors have decided the height alone cannot be a sufficient differentiator. As a result, atypical architecture is emerging as a new competitive factor. Also, it can be used for symbolizing the economic competitiveness of a country, city, or business through its form. Before the introduction of digital media, there was a discrepancy between the structure and form of a building and correcting this discrepancy required a separate structural medium. Since the late 1980s, however, digitally-based atypical form development began to be used experimentally, and, until the 2000s, it was used mostly for super-tall skyscrapers for offices or for industrial chimneys and communication towers. Since the 2000s, many global brand hotels and commercial and residential buildings have been built as super-tall skyscrapers, which shows the recent trend in architecture that is moving beyond the traditional limits. Complex atypical structure is formed and the formative characteristics of diagonal lines and curved surfaces, which are characteristics of atypical architecture, are created digitally. Therefore, it's goal is necessary to identify a new relationship between the structure and forms. According to the data of Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), 100-story and taller buildings were classified into typical, diagonal, curved, and segment types in order to define formative shapes of super-tall skyscrapers and provide a ground of the design process related to the initial formation of the concept. The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between different forms for building atypical architectural shapes that are complex and diverse. The study results are presented as follows: Firstly, complex function follows convergence form characteristics. Secondly, fold has inside of architecture with repeat. Thirdly, as curve style which has pure twist, helix twist, and spiral twist. The findings in this study can be used as basic data for classifying and predicting trends of the future super-tall skyscrapers.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2003

Background: Confirm the stability of intervertebral disc sustaining each fused lumbar spine cases, comparing vertical compression, A-P shear force and rotational moment on intervertebral disc of instrumented lumbar spine with simple vertical compression load and follower load using finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: We analyze the stability of intervertebral disc L4-5 supporting fused lumbar spine segments. After performing finite element modelling about L1-L5 lumbar vertebral column and L1-L4 each fusion level pedicle screw system for fused lumbar spine fine element model. Intervertebral discs with complex structure and mechanical properties was modeled using spring element that compensate stiffness and tube-to-tube contact element was employed to give follower load. Performing geometrical non-linear analysis. Results: The differences of intervertebral disc L4-5 behavior under the follower compression load in comparision with vertical compression load are as follows. Conclusion: As a result of finite element interpretation of instrumented lumbar spine, the stability of L4-5 sustaining fused lumbar segment, the long level fused lumbar spine observed hing stability under follower load. This research method can be the basis tool of effects prediction for instrumentation, a invention of a more precious finite element interpretation model which consider the role of muscle around the spine is loaded.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.237-247
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• 2020

Objective : Fixation of the C1-2 segment is challenging because of the complex anatomy in the region and the need for a high degree of accuracy to avoid complications. Preoperative 3D-computed tomography (CT) scans can help reduce the risk of complications in the vertebral artery, spinal cord, and nerve roots. However, the patient may be susceptible to injury if the patient's anatomy does not match the preoperative CT scans. The intraoperative 3D image-based navigation systems have reduced complications in instrument-assisted techniques due to greater accuracy. This study aimed to compare the radiologic outcomes of C1-2 fusion surgery between intraoperative CT image-guided operation and fluoroscopy-guided operation. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the radiologic images of 34 patients who underwent C1-2 fusion spine surgery from January 2009 to November 2018 at our hospital. We assessed 17 cases each of degenerative cervical disease and trauma in a study population of 18 males and 16 females. The mean age was 54.8 years. A total of 139 screws were used and the surgical procedures included 68 screws in the C1 lateral mass, 58 screws in C2 pedicle, nine screws in C2 lamina and C2 pars screws, four lateral mass screws in sub-axial level. Of the 34 patients, 19 patients underwent screw insertion using intraoperative mobile CT. Other patients underwent atlantoaxial fusion with a standard fluoroscopy-guided device. Results : A total of 139 screws were correctly positioned. We analyzed the positions of 135 screws except for the four screws that performed the lateral mass screws in C3 vertebra. Minor screw penetration was observed in seven cases (5.2%), and major pedicle screw penetration was observed in three cases (2.2%). In one case, the malposition of a C2 pedicle screw was confirmed, which was subsequently corrected. There were no complications regarding vertebral artery injury or onset of new neurologic deficits. The screw malposition rate was lower (5.3%) in patients who underwent intraoperative CT-based navigation than that for fluoroscopy-guided cases (10.2%). And we confirmed that the operation time can be significantly reduced by surgery using intraoperative O-arm device. Conclusion : Spinal navigation using intraoperative cone-beam CT scans is reliable for posterior fixation in unstable C1-2 pathologies and can be reduced the operative time.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The Primary type of swinging motion in human movement is that which is characteristic of a pendulum. The two types of pendulums are identified as simple and compound. A simple pendulum consist of a small body suspended by a relatively long cord. Its total mass is contained within the bob. The cord is not considered to have mass. A compound pendulum, on the other hand, is any pendulum such as the human body swinging by hands from a horizontal bar. Therefore a compound pendulum depicts important motions that are harmonic, periodic, and oscillatory. In this paper one discusses and compares two algorithms of Newton's method(F = m a) and Euler's method (M = $I{\times}{\alpha}$) in compound pendulum. Through exercise model such as human body with weight(m = 50 kg), body length(L = 1.5m), and center of gravity ($L_c$ = 0.4119L) from proximal end swinging by hands from a horizontal bar, one finds kinematic variables(angle displacement / velocity / acceleration), and simulates kinematic variables by changing body lengths and body mass. BSP by Clauser et al.(1969) & Chandler et al.(1975) is used to find moment of inertia of the compound pendulum. The radius of gyration about center of gravity (CoG) is $k_c\;=\;K_c{\times}L$ (단, k= radius of gyration, K= radius of gyration /segment length), and then moment of inertia about center of gravity(CoG) becomes $I_c\;=\;m\;k_c^2$. Finally, moment of inertia about Z-axis by parallel theorem becomes $I_o\;=\;I_c\;+\;m\;k^2$. The two-order ordinary differential equations of models are solved by ND function of numeric analysis method in Mathematica5.1. The results are as follows; First, The complexity of Newton's method is much more complex than that of Euler's method Second, one could be find kinematic variables according to changing body lengths(L = 1.3 / 1.7 m) and periods are increased by body length increment(L = 1.3 / 1.5 / 1.7 m). Third, one could be find that periods are not changing by means of changing mass(m = 50 / 55 / 60 kg). Conclusively, one is intended to meditate the possibility of applying a compound pendulum to sports(balling, golf, gymnastics and so on) necessary swinging motions. Further improvements to the study could be to apply Euler's method to real motions and one would be able to develop the simulator.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 2001

Systemic arterialization of the lung without sequestration is the rarest form of congenital anomalous systemic arterial supply to the lung, where an anomalous systemic artery arising from aorta supplies a normal unsequestrated segment of the lung. The non-sequestrated lung parenchyma which is supplied by an aberrant artery, has no parenchymal or bronchial abnormalities, and there is a normal connection with the bronchial trees. The symptoms of this disease varies. In most patients, it is often asymptomatic, but symptoms including dyspnea, hemoptysis, and central nervous system complications are possible. Here, we report a case of systemic arterialization of the lung without sequestration, which confirmed by angiography, with a review of the literature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.473-476
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• 2007

Location determination of mobile user via RSSI approach has received ample attention from researchers lately. However, it remains a challenging issue due to the complexities of RSSI signal propagation characteristics, which are easily exacerbated by the mobility of user. Hence, a segmentation-based linear spline interpolation method is proposed to cater for the dynamic fluctuation pattern of radio signal in complex environment. This optimization algorithm is proposed in addition to the current radiolocation's (CC2431, Chipcon, Norway) algorithm, which runs on IEEE802.15.4 standard. The enhancement algorithm involves four phases. First phase consists of calibration model in which RSSI values at different static locations are collected and processed to obtain the mean and standard deviation value for the predefined distance. RSSI smoothing algorithm is proposed to minimize the dynamic fluctuation of radio signal received from each reference node when the user is moving. Distances are computed using the segmentation formula obtain in the first phase. In situation where RSSI value falls in more than one segment, the ambiguity of distance is solved by probability approach. The distance probability distribution function(pdf) for each distances are computed and distance with the highest pdf at a particular RSSI is the estimated distance. Finally, with the distances obtained from each reference node, an iterative trilateration algorithm is used for position estimation. Experiment results obtained position the proposed algorithm as a viable alternative for location tracking.