• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.195-198
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• 2015

Mannheimia haemolytica is an opportunistic bacterium that is widely recognized among the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex in cattle. Five Hanwoo with a history of fever, anorexia and dyspnea were died within 2 days in a the middle of summer. Four cattle were pregnant. The cattle house were located in mountainous area but the window for air ventilation was open only one side. In addition, the fecal material for fermentation was located indoor. Air ceiling fan did not work. The indoor temperature was $40^{\circ}C$. After working on air fan, the indoor temperature was still $36^{\circ}C$. On necropsy, there was fibrinous pleuritis with a rich yellowish pleural fluids in the thorax. The cross-section of the lung showed lobar fibrinonecrotic pneumonia with expanded interlobular septa by edema and fibrin. Microscopically, parenchymal necrosis with dense layer of inflammatory cells were observed surrounding interlobular septum. Fibrin and inflammatory cells were filled in the alveoli. Bacteriological cultures of pulmonary tissue showed growth of M. haemolytica. This pneumonia case in Hanwoo suggests that environmental stressors such as high temperature, insufficient air ventilation, and pregnancy be the cause of mannheimoisis. Control of environmental stressor, such as temperature indoor is necessary to prevent BRD caused by M. haemolytica.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2016

식물의 이차생장의 결과로 생산되는 바이오매스의 대부분은 식물의 이차세포벽에 축적된다. 식물의 이차세포벽은 크게 셀룰로스, 헤미셀룰로스, 리그닌이라는 3가지 물질로 구성되며 이들 중 페놀성 복합 화학 물질인 리그닌은 셀룰로스나 헤미셀룰로스와 달리 알코올 발효과정의 저해 물질로이다. 따라서, 식물의 이차세포벽 생합성의 과정을 조절함으로 전체 바이오매스의 생산량과 조성을 바이오 에너지 생산을 위해 최적 조건으로 조절함으로써 바이오 에탄올 생산을 최대화할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 애기장대 유래 MYB7 유전자를 CaMV35S 프로모터 조절 하에서 과별현되게 한 식물체와 식물의 전사조절에서 하위 특정 유전자의 발현을 저해시키는 것으로 잘 알려진 SRDX 융합 단백질 즉, MYB7-SRDX 과발현체를 제작하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 MYB7 전사조절 인자가 리그닌의 생합성을 억제 조절한다는 결과를 관찰하였다. 이는 MYB7 전사조절인자를 이용하면 바이오 에탄올 발효과정에 저해 물질로 작용하는 리그닌을 경감시킬 수 있는 기초 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2005

Anaerobic decomposition is one of the most common processes in nature and has been extensively used in waste and wastewater treatment for several centuries. New applications and system modifications continue to be adapted making the process either more effective, less expensive, or suited to the particular waste in question and the operation to which it is to be applied. Animal manure is a highly biodegradable organic material and will naturally undergo anaerobic fermentation, resulting in release of noxious odors, such as in manure storage pits. Depending on the presence or absence of oxygen in the manure, biological treatment process may be either aerobic or anaerobic. Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria carry on fermentative metabolisms to break down the complex organic substances into simpler organic acids and then convert them to ultimately formed methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic biological systems for animal manure treatment include anaerobic lagoons and anaerobic digesters. Methane and carbon dioxide are the principal end products of controlled anaerobic digestion. These two gases are collectively called biogas. The biogas contains $60\~70\%$ methane and can be used directly as a fuel for heating or electrical power generation. Trace amounts of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide ($100\~300\;ppm$) are always present in the biogas stream. Anaerobic lagoons have found widespread application in the treatment of animal manure because of their low initial costs, ease of operation and convenience of loading by gravity flow from the animal buildings. The main disadvantage is the release of odors from the open surfaces of the lagoons, especially during the spring warm-up or if the lagoons are overloaded. However, if the lagoons are covered and gases are collected, the odor problems can be solved and the methane collected can be used as a fuel. Anaerobic digesters are air-tight, enclosed vessels and are used to digest manure in a well-controlled environment, thus resulting in higher digestion rates and smaller space requirements than anaerobic lagoons. Anaerobic digesters are usually heated and mixed to maximize treatment efficiency and biogas production. The objective of this work was to review a current anaerobic biological treatment of animal manure for effective new technologies in the future.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.606-610
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• 1989

전분질의 에탄을 직접발효에 유용한 Saccharomyces diastaticus의 glucoamylase 생산성 향상을 위하여 glucoamylase 유전자 STA1을 함유한 재조합 plasmid pYES 18을 갖는 S. diastaticus의 형질전환 균주에서 성장속도가 plasmid의 안정성에 미치는 영향과 plasmid 안정성에 따른 glucoamylase 생산성을 조사하였다. 최소 선택배지에서는 plasmid가 일정한 수준에서 안정하게 유지되었으나, 균체의 증식과 glucoamylase 생산성은 매우 미약하였다. Starch가 포함된 완전배지에서는 glucose를 첨가해 줌으로써 생육속도를 촉진시킬 수 있었으며 생육속도의 촉진에 의해 plasmid 안정성이 증가되었고 이에 따라 glucoamylase 생산성이 향상됨을 알았다.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

Complex microbial communities play an important role in the human health and co-evolved with human in the form of symbiosis. Many literatures provide new evidences that the increased prevalence of obesity cannot be attributed solely to changes in the human genome, nutritional habits, or reduction of physical activity in our daily lives. The intestinal flora was recently proposed as an environmental factor responsible for the control of body weight and energy metabolism. A number of studies suggest that the modulation of gut microbiota affects host metabolism and has an impact on energy storage and demonstrated a role for the gut microbiota in weight gain, fat increase, and insulin resistance. Variations in microbiota composition are found in obese humans and mice and the microbiota from an obese mouse confers an obese phenotype when transferred to an axenic mouse. As well, the gut microbial flora plays a role in converting nutrients into calories. Specific strategies for modifying gut microbiota may be a useful means to treat or prevent obesity. Dietary modulations of gut microbiota with a view to increasing bifidobacteria have demonstrated to reduce endotoxemia and improve metabolic diseases such as obesity. The fermentation of medicinal herbs is intended to exert a favorable influence on digestability, bioavailability and pharmacological activity of herbal extract. Therefore we also expect that the fermented herbal extracts may open up a new area to treat obesity through modulating gut microbiota.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권4호통권94호
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• pp.477-487
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• 2006

The quality characteristics of dough and French breads containing dietary fibers, which were resistant starches (RS3 and RS4 types) and commercial non-starch polysaccharides (cellulose, pectin and chitosan), were investigated. The pH of the dough containing all dietary fiber except pectin was greater than that of control and was increased with increasing addition level. There was no correlation between pH and the expansion ratio of dough. As the level of added dietary fibers became high, the bread baking loss decreased, and the order of specific bread volume was 5% cellulose < 5% pectin < control bread, with no significant difference in specific volume. When a high level of dietary fibers was added to wheat flour, a complex phase appeared due to the formation between the network structure of additives and wheat gluten, and starch granules were heavily masted by the increased development of gluten-network matrix after the first fermentation like a wide spread net. Comparing the colorimetric changes of breads with the same added ratio (10%) of dietary fibers, the cellulose and RS4 addition breads had lower levels and the pectin-added bread had the highest value in the redness, while the chitosan-added bread had the highest value in the yellowness. Breads with a high level of dietary fibers showed increased hardness, gumminess, and brittleness and decreased springiness and cohesiveness. By sensory data, breads with 5% NSP and 10% RS addition showed high overall acceptability, with higher sensory RS score, compared to NSP addition. In conclusion, it was suggested that bread with lower than 10% RS or 5% NSP addition based on the amount of wheat flour, was acceptable with no considerable change in preference/overall quality and processing in bread-making.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.403-407
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• 1984

본 연구는 대두 식품의 개발에 장애요인이 되고 있는 phytic acid에 의한 무기질의 체내 이용도의 감소를 알아보기 위하여 우리나라의 전통적 대두 발효 식품인 메주를 제조하여 발효에 의한 phytic acid 함량과 phytase 활성 변화 및 그에 따른 phytic acid와 무기질과의 상호작용을 연구하였다. 날콩, 열처리콩, 메주내에서의 총인의 함량은 시료간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 phytic acid 함량은 메주에서가 날콩이나 열처리콩에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 시료 1g당 phytase 활성은 날콩이 7.18units, 열처리콩이 0.11 units, 메주가 16.37 units로 나타나 발효동안에 phytase 활성이 현저히 증가되었음을 알 수 있었다. Zn, Fe, Ca의 함량은 날콩, 열처리콩, 메주간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 ultrafiltration 한 후 retentate에 보유된 Zn, Fe, Ca 함량은 날콩에서 보다 메주에서 유의적으로 감소함을 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1891-1907
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• 2016

Yeasts that are present in marine environments have evolved to survive hostile environments that are characterized by high exogenous salt content, high concentrations of inhibitory compounds, and low soluble carbon and nitrogen levels. Therefore, yeasts isolated from marine environments could have interesting characteristics for industrial applications. However, the application of marine yeast in research or industry is currently very limited owing to the lack of a suitable isolation method. Current methods for isolation suffer from fungal interference and/or low number of yeast isolates. In this paper, an efficient and non-laborious isolation method has been developed and successfully isolated large numbers of yeasts without bacterial or fungal growth. The new method includes a three-cycle enrichment step followed by an isolation step and a confirmation step. Using this method, 116 marine yeast strains were isolated from 14 marine samples collected in the UK, Egypt, and the USA. These strains were further evaluated for the utilization of fermentable sugars (glucose, xylose, mannitol, and galactose) using a phenotypic microarray assay. Seventeen strains with higher sugar utilization capacity than the reference terrestrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 2592 were selected for identification by sequencing of the ITS and D1/D2 domains. These strains belonged to six species: S. cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, Candida viswanathii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Candida glabrata, and Pichia kudriavzevii. The ability of these strains for improved sugar utilization using seawater-based media was confirmed and, therefore, they could potentially be utilized in fermentations using marine biomass in seawater media, particularly for the production of bioethanol and other biochemical products.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.444-447
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• 2018

Baculovirus 발현 시스템은 박테리아 발현 시스템, 특히 복잡한 번역 후 변형을 필요로 하는 것과 비교하여 다량의 재조합 단백질을 생성하는 빠르고 비용 효율적인 방법을 포함하는 많은 알려진 장점을 갖는다. 특히 재조합 baculovirus는 광범위한 포유류 세포 유형에서 벡터를 전달하고 재조합 단백질을 발현 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 pcDNA3.1로부터 재구성된 baculovirus 벡터를 사용하였는데 이 벡터는 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 프로모터, uroplakin II promoter, polyhedron promoter, 수포 구내염 바이러스 G (VSVG), 녹색 형광 단백질 (EGFP), 단백질 전달 도메인 (PTD) 유전자 등 다양한 유전자들로 재조합 되어 개발되었다. 이러한 재구성 된 벡터를 다양한 세포 및 세포주에 감염시켰다. 이렇게 개발된 baculovirus 벡터는 재조합된 유전자들의 전이성 및 발현성을 기존의 일반적인 벡터와 비교하여 분석하였다. 본 연구결과로 이렇게 개발된 baculovirus 벡터는 기존의 대조군 벡터보다 전이성 및 발현성면에서 더 높은 효율을 갖는다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2016

Purpose: Tea is the most frequently consumed drink worldwide, next to water. About 75% of the total world tea production includes black tea, and withering is one of the major processing steps critical for the quality of black tea. There are two types of tea withering methods: physical and chemical withering. Withering can be achieved by using tat, tunnel, drum, and trough withering systems. Of these, the trough withering system is the most commonly used. This study focuses on the different types of withering, their effect on the various quality attributes of tea, and other aspects of withering methods that affect superior quality tea. Results: During physical withering, tea shoots loose moisture content that drops from approximately 70-80% to 60-70% (wet basis). This leads to increased sap concentration in tea leaf cells, and turgid leaves become flaccid. It also prevents tea shoots from damage during maceration or rolling. During chemical withering, complex chemical compounds break down into simpler ones volatile flavor compounds, amino acids, and simple sugars are formed. Withering increases enzymatic activities as well as the concentration of caffeine. Research indicates that about 15% of chlorophyll degradation occurs during withering. It is also reported that during withering lipids break down into simpler compounds and catechin levels decrease. Improper withering can cause adverse effects on subsequent manufacturing operations, such as maceration, rolling, fermentation, drying, and tea storage. Conclusion: Freshly harvested leaves are conditioned physically and chemically for subsequent processing. There is no specified withering duration, but 14-18 h is generally considered the optimum period. Proper and even withering of tea shoots greatly depends on the standards of plucking, handling, transportation, environmental conditions, time, and temperature. Thus, to ensure consumption of high quality tea, the withering step must be monitored carefully.