• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6477-6483
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• 2014

Background: Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle East especially in Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The Substance Abuse Research Centre (SARC) at Jazan University noted that no adequate research and information on the prevalence of shammah use in the province of Jazan, and KSA as well, has been provided in the scientific literature. Materials and Methods: An intensive systematic review of online databases was performed, including AMED (The Allied and Complementary Medicine Database), Biological Abstracts, Cochrane Collection Plus, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, E-Journals Database, EBSCO Discovery Service, MEDLINE, PEMSoft, PEP Archive, PsycARTICLES, scopus, Sciencedirect and Google Scholar. Results: Shammah is a mixture of powdered tobacco, lime, ash, black pepper, oils and flavorings. ST in KSA is placed in the buccal or lower labial vestibule of the mouth. The user (or dipper) spits out insoluble debris. The importation of ST products is prohibited in KSA. Accessible information on legislative action to control the use of ST in KSA appeared in 1990. The actual percentage use may be higher, than reported since shammah is illegal in KSA and there may be some reluctance to admit to its use. Conclusions: This review paper is an initial step in a funded research project by SARC to understand the pattern of use of shammah and provide adequate epidemiological data. One goal of this review is to generate further data for public health education.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제1권
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• pp.11-62
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• 1999

The paper aims to survey some features in the 20th century's semantic analyses of the pictorial representation as a paradigm concept. Here the most typical pattern of paradigms to approach it were thought that one is Referential Semantics which begins with Wittgenstein's Picture Theory, the other, Ontological Semantics concerned with .Langer's Symbol Theory. In the light of paradigm theory, some results acquired are as follows. First, the two paradigms are recognized as those of a mutually different philosophical background. So as far as the researcher is concerned, their arguments are contradictory each other. Second, it must be emphasized that each of them all have a possible aspect of necessary and sufficient requirements. to interpret and analyze the meaning of artistic representation. In result, the Referential and Ontological Semantics can work with a complementary partnership. In short, the referential meaning constructs a infrastructure of the picture, whereas the ontological meaning does it's infrastructure.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1999년도 제51차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.167-168
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• 1999

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2004

The supplementation of mulberry leaves, with the aim of yield, enhancement using vitamins, minerals and other compounds have generally been attended from 1990s and many researches have been conducted. More than 30 different compounds from complementary nutrients have been analyzed and in different regions where different climates various results have been achieved. This review has attempted to discuss the results of different works on enrichment of mulberry leaves with supplementary compound. Generally the most effects of these compounds are in the regions where productive parameters are low. In the areas that follow a normal pattern in economical parameters the enrichment of the leaves havent have significant economical effects.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2016

We have investigated the ultimate limits of nonuniform grating couplers (NGCs) for optimized fiber coupling to silicon waveguides, compared to uniform grating couplers (UGCs). Simple grating coupler schemes, which can be fabricated in etching steps of the conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers without forming any additional overlay structure, have been simulated numerically and demonstrated experimentally. Optimum values of the grating period, fill factor, and groove number for ultimate coupling efficiency of the NGCs are determined from finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation, and confirmed with experimentally demonstrated devices by comparison to those for the UGCs. Our simulated results indicate that maximum coupling efficiency of NGCs is possible when the minimum pattern size is below 50 nm, but the experimental value for the maximum coupling efficiency is limited by the attainable fabrication tolerance in a practical device process.

• 천문학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2009

We propose a diagnostic that can resolve the planet/binary degeneracy of central perturbations in caustic-crossing high-magnification microlensing events. The diagnostic is based on the difference in the morphology of perturbation inside the central caustics induced by a planet and a wide-separation binary companion. We find that the contours of excess exhibit a concentric circular pattern around the caustic center for the binary-lensing case, while the contours are elongated or off-centered for the planetary case. This difference results in the distinctive features of the individual lens populations in the residual of the trough region between the two peaks of the caustic crossings, where the shape of the residual is symmetric for binary lensing while it tends to be asymmetric for planetary lensing. We determine the ranges of the planetary parameters for which the proposed diagnostic can be used. The diagnostic is complementary to previously proposed diagnostics in the sense that it is applicable to caustic-crossing events with small finite-source effect.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2008년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.1535-1538
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• 2008

Carbon nanotube arrays were fabricated using micro molding in capillary (MIMIC) process. Patterns remained on the surface in the pattern complementary to that present in the mold. CNTs were selectively grown on the MIMIC patterned sites with a triode PECVD. And turn on field for $10\;{\mu}A/cm^2$ electron emission current was $2.2\;V/{\mu}m$ turn on field.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -2
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• pp.806-809
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• 2002

Real-world objects often have two or more significant attributes. For example, face images have attributes of persons, expressions, and so on. Even if we are interested in only one of those attributes, additional informations on auxiliary attributes can help recognition of the main one. In the present paper, the authors propose a method for pattern recognition with double attributes. A pair of classifiers are combined: each classifier makes a guess of its corresponding attribute, and it tells the guess to the other as a hint. Equilibrium point of this iteration can be calculated directly without iterative procedures.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2004

This paper investigates previous theories on English focus realization and attempts to find out the overall acoustic characteristics of English focus. It has been argued in previous studies that English focus can be defined as a new information that is not recoverable from the context (Halliday 1967), a complementary element of presupposition (Jackendoff 1972), and what is predicated about the topic in a sentence (Sgall 1973, Gundel 1974). The phonetic realization of English focus in an utterance has been said to be either L+H*/H*, or falling accent. Yet it is a more or less simplified pattern not based on real data obtained from native speakers of English, and it does not consider the various pragmatic and contextual situations. In our experiments we found that native speakers uttered English focus sentences in different ways according to the different focus structure. Another notable result is that Korean speakers, when provided with the same experimental material, are neither able to distinguish different focus types nor deaccent the elements that are not focused in an utterance.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.159-162
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• 2004

We investigated the cytogenetic characteristics of male black-striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarium) in Korea. Chromosome slides were obtained from blood cell cultures which were synchronized with thymidine blocking or not. In the chromosome slide which synchronization with thymidine blocking was employed on, the GTG(G bands by trypsin using Giemsa)-bands of high resolution were observed. The male black-striped field mouse has 48 chromosomes composed 46 autosomes and XY sex chromosomes. The centromeric regions of autosomes were positive to GTG-banding. According to this investigation, thymidine blocking in cell culture process was useful to get lengthened chromosomes. It may be necessary to employ RBG-banding technique to investigate complementary band patterns between R- and G-banding in black-striped field mouse.