• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2020

The notion of m-step competition graph was introduced by Cho et al. in 2000 as an interesting variation of competition graph. In this paper, we study the m-step competition graphs of d-partial orders, which generalizes the results obtained by Park et al. in 2011 and Choi et al. in 2018.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.123-146
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• 2012

In this paper, we did on the new theory, policy, institution and legal research on the international competition order and justice society for 21st century. At first, we introduced the basic of competition law for fairness of trade in the new international market order under WTO. Secondly, we are researched on the economic approach of the competition law, market competition order and justice society in the new globalism. Third, we studied the international circumstance through the analysis of the patterns of the anti-competition practices and the regulation systems for competition order. We also reviewed the execution criteria and precedents of the fairness theory and competition laws in the USA, EU, Japan, and Korea, briefly. Finally, we presented to the alternative policies that based on our study about the new theory, policy, institution, competition law in opinion from reach the international market competition, fairness society and economic justice for 21st century under WTO.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.499-510
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• 2011

Any server offering a routing service in the Internet would naturally be in competition for clients, and clients may need to utilize service from a specific server in order to achieve a desired result. We study the various properties of this competition, such as the fraction of route requests handled by a routing service provider and the fraction of total revenue obtained. As the routing service providers (i.e., servers or routers in this context) compete, they may alter behavior in order to optimize one of the above properties. For example, a service provider may lower the price charged for its service, in order to increase the number of clients served. Our models are based on servers offering a routing service to clients within representative network topologies based on actual Internet sub-graphs. These models provide, a framework for evaluating competition in the Internet. We monitor key aspects of the service, as several variables are introduced into the models. The first variable is the fraction of client requests that will pay more for a better quality route. The remaining requests are normal client requests that are satisfied by the most economical route. The second variable is the fraction of servers who choose to lower service prices in order to maximize the number of client requests served. As this fraction increases, it is more likely that a server will lower the price. Finally, there are some resource constraints applied to the model, to increase the difficulty in providing a routing solution, i.e., to simulate a realistic scenario. We seek to understand the effect on the overall network, as service providers compete. In simple cases, we show that this competition could have a negative impact on the overall efficiency of a service. We show that the routing variety present in the larger models is unable to mask this tendency and the routing service performance is decreased due to competition.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.179-206
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• 2005

The development of information & telecommunication technology and internet-based electronic commerce helps to create a new economic environment. Such an economic environment requires the companies to change themselves, while providing unlimited potential and opportunities to them. Thus, in order to help the companies engaged in a fair and free competition in the electronic market, a fair competition policy needs to be designed and operated. The electronic commerce has not only promote the competition but also impede it. The electronic commerces tend to violate the fair trade than the conventional commerces in terms of differentiation, monopoly, conference, limited competition and intellectual property rights, schumpeterian competition, Alliance competition. With such basic concepts in mind, this study was aimed at reviewing the economic effects of the electronic commerce in the market and addressing the problems involving the application of the fair trade code to the electronic commerce, and thereby, suggesting the insights into our fair competition policy and reform measures.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.749-754
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• 2006

The maritime logistics environment including seaborne trade, shipping and ports is changing rapidly and continuously. Large containerships, mega carriers and global terminal operators try to achieve economies of scale and economies of scope. As a result of the changing environment, the competition between ports to achieve competitiveness is intensive. Port competition among China, Japan and Korea is becoming fiercer, both directly and indirectly, resulting from the increased trade in northeast Asia. Port development projects within each country stimulate more intensive port competition. As a result, overcapacity, fierce price competition and overlapping hinterland problems will be caused in the future. Co-operation for survival is considered as a strategy in order to solve anticipated problems caused by port competition Busan port, for instance, could co-operate with China and Japan as well as with other ports in Korea Terminal operators' expansion through investments including joint-ventures will make connections between ports smoother. At the port authority level, continuous cooperative interchange between countries is indispensable.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 1998

Innovation with strategic interaction is to overcome the technological uncertainty and to create co-evolution through competition among individuals or organizations for the acceleration of innovation. The concept of innovation in the past was concentrated on cooperation rather than on competition for the efficient management of limited resources. However, in order to minimize the technological uncertainty, we need an innovation on the basis of competition between organizations. Competition stimulates technological adaptability. It is on the analogy of complex system. This is to satisfy consumers' needs, to transform the resources into a technology, and to apply for the development of new products and new technologies. If the emergence of a new technology threatens present technology and develops into a new level of technology through inter-relation, it becomes a mutually supporting technologies. When theses effects are simultaneously realized, it is possible for firm to have strategical innovation and to create a mutually evolutionary development. Furthermore, when the competition among more than two individuals or two organizations continues towards the same direction, the mutual competition and cooperation can be expected to create a synergy effect. The competitive environment should be composed of R&D, production, and consumers' choice. This will lead to interaction among organizations through strategic competition and cooperation. Intra-firm competition and Inter-firm competition are required to exist together.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 2013

This study has been performed to analyze and consider the problems after 30 years in terms of landscape design competition process in Korea, so that it can provide the basic data, which can improve the future landscape design competition. We have used Delphi Investigation to carry out a survey that targets professionals and identifies problems. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the results of the analysis of Landscape Design Competition for institution theory and case studies showed that there is an issue from four perspectives which are 'method of design competition', 'guidelines for design competition', 'winner selection process', and 'design changes after winning' Secondly, the process by professional Delphi performed expert analysis, and agree with expert opinion. As a result, we derived the problems of a landscape design competition system with the 12 items. Third, in the 'design competition style', two items, the 'design competition style' and 'problem of design public offering period' had become a problem. Fourth, the 'Guidelines for design competition', 'non-hierarchical excess of the amount of instructions', 'directive determined the guidelines', and the 'provision of confusion' three items had also become a problem. Fifth, 'sex expert committee review selection process winning work', 'Problems of participation', 'examination scoring system experts lack', and 'non-landscaping' had become a problem. Sixth, 'The design of the original order' as much as possible 'design changes after the winning work' Four 'order to Comments to reduce the creativity of the design of the climate', 'original extension', 'contractor feedback of excess without the promise of frequent personnel changes', design period of the person in charge is reflected in excess item has become a problem. I considered that a continuous research on the improvement of the problems of the landscape design competition system based on the results must be performed.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-112
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• 2007

Opening domestic market to international trade may enhance not only actual competition but also potential competition from foreign competitors. It seems that the competition authority has focused mainly on the actual competition (measured by the current market share) and has paid less attention to the potential competition. In this regards, this paper investigated the relation between potential foreign competition and domestic market structure. Using dynamic panel regression model, we analyzed the dynamic response of import penetration to the changes of domestic market condition in Korea as a proxy for the degree of potential foreign competition. The empirical results suggests that potential foreign competition does exist in the Korean manufacturing sector and this tendency is more stronger when the market is more concentrated. Thus, in order to effectively implement competition policy, it is necessary to consider both actual and potential competition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2015

The Olin Library in St. Louis was an important design competition for the United States in the 1950's, the rear of America's modern architecture. The participants of this competition were a variety of representative architects and groups of its time. With the library's functional rationality, the Olin Library competition was legible of the aspects of modern architectural flow. The competition required two demands. The first demand was absolute importance in character definition of place, which was to satisfy the site conditions approached from campus design. Secondly was related to interpretation of morphological symbolism in an architectural matter. The experiments of American modern architecture started to change its ideal goal gradually ; accommodating the altering public's code, at the same time, maintaining the original modern value was the reason to changing the ideal goal. As a turning point, the Olin Library should be understood as an important work, which divulged the value change of architectural interpretation.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-26
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• 2023

This article will analyze and forecast important variables and dynamics in global power politics after the war in Ukraine. It tries to use several perspectives to analyze international relations, particularly liberal internationalism and structural realism. In short, core variables are as follows; First, how is the US-led liberal international order and globalization being adjusted? Second, how will the U.S.-China strategic competition, which is the biggest and structural variable, cause changes in the international order in the future? The third variable, how stable are Sino-Russia relations in the context of a structuring U.S.-China-Russia strategic new triangle? Fourth, to what extent will third middle hedging states outside the U.S. and China be able to exercise strategic autonomy in the face of multipolarization? To summarize, the first of these four variables is the largest basic variable at the global political and economic level in terms of its impact on the international community, and it has been led by the United States. The second variable, in terms of actors, seems to be the most influential structural variable in global competition, and the US-China strategic competition is likely to be a long game. Thus the world will not be able to escape the influence of the competition between the two global powers. For South Korea, this second variable is probably the biggest external variable and dilemma. The third variable, the stability of Sino-Russia relations, determines balance of global power in the 21st century. The U.S.-China-Russia strategic new triangle, as seen in the current war in Ukraine, will operate as the greatest power variable in not only global power competition but also changes in the international order. Just as the U.S. is eager for a Sino-Russia fragmentation strategy, such as a Tito-style wedge policy to manage balance of power in the early years of the Cold War, it needs a reverse Kissinger strategy to reset the U.S.-Russia relationship, in order to push for a Sino-Russia splitting in the 21st century. But with the war in Ukraine, it seems that this fragmentation strategy has already been broken. In the context of Northeast Asia, whether or not the stability of Sino-Russia relations depends not only on the United States, but also on the Korean Peninsula. Finally, the fourth variable is a dependent variable that emerged as a result of the interaction of the above three variables, but simultaneously it remains to be seen that this variable is likely to act as the most dynamic and independent variable that can promote multilateralism, multipolarization, and pan-regionalism of the global international community in the future. Taking into account these four variables together, we can make an outlook on the change in the international order.