• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-62
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• 2015

Relatively little studies have investigated employee recovery from internal service failure, especially from the employees' perspective. When handling customer complaints, employees must not only deal with legitimate customer demands after a service failure, such as providing an apology, rectifying the problem, and offering compensation, but they must also manage illegitimate dysfunctional customers, who may yell, threaten, and even physically harm the employee. These negative experiences can have strong effects, and employees can exhibit higher levels of stress such as burnout and emotional labor, which have been linked to dissatisfaction, tension and anxiety, reduced performance and effectiveness, and a greater propensity to leave the firm, ultimately leading to negative financial consequences for the firm. These conditions result in internal service failure and create the need to recover employees-in other words, internal service recovery. However, little research has examined this issue so far. The purpose of the current study, therefore, is to investigate the relationship between internal service recovery and employee outcomes. A pre-test, post-test between-subjects experimental design was developed. Participants were 166 part-time students who were working full-time. The average age of the participants was 36.74 years, and 57.50% of them were female. The average length of employment was 13 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups of approximately equal size. Three of the groups were subjected to an experimental situation involving an internal service failure, while one group was not exposed to failure, thereby acting as a control group. This study contributes to the service marketing literature in several ways. First, the study extends service failure and/or recovery research by examining recovery in an employee context. Second, this study attempts to measure internal service recovery and to empirically demonstrate its relationship to employee outcomes. Third, this investigation emphasizes the managerial importance of internal service recovery. For example, understanding the nature of the relationships between internal service recovery and its consequences can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of managers' resource allocation decisions.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2019

Purpose: To demonstrate the high-resolution numerical simulation of the respiration-induced dynamic $B_0$ shift in the head using generalized susceptibility voxel convolution (gSVC). Materials and Methods: Previous dynamic $B_0$ simulation research has been limited to low-resolution numerical models due to the large computational demands of conventional Fourier-based $B_0$ calculation methods. Here, we show that a recently-proposed gSVC method can simulate dynamic $B_0$ maps from a realistic breathing human body model with high spatiotemporal resolution in a time-efficient manner. For a human body model, we used the Extended Cardiac And Torso (XCAT) phantom originally developed for computed tomography. The spatial resolution (voxel size) was kept isotropic and varied from 1 to 10 mm. We calculated $B_0$ maps in the brain of the model at 10 equally spaced points in a respiration cycle and analyzed the spatial gradients of each of them. The results were compared with experimental measurements in the literature. Results: The simulation predicted a maximum temporal variation of the $B_0$ shift in the brain of about 7 Hz at 7T. The magnitudes of the respiration-induced $B_0$ gradient in the x (right/left), y (anterior/posterior), and z (head/feet) directions determined by volumetric linear fitting, were < 0.01 Hz/cm, 0.18 Hz/cm, and 0.26 Hz/cm, respectively. These compared favorably with previous reports. We found that simulation voxel sizes greater than 5 mm can produce unreliable results. Conclusion: We have presented an efficient simulation framework for respiration-induced $B_0$ variation in the head. The method can be used to predict $B_0$ shifts with high spatiotemporal resolution under different breathing conditions and aid in the design of dynamic $B_0$ compensation strategies.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2005

The purposes of the study were to identify important attributes in foodservice management and culinary arts students' career decision-making and to investigate factors determining their preferred employment fields. A questionnaire that consisted of preferred employment fields, importance rating of 19 attributes related to job choices, and demographic information was developed based on a review of literature. A total of 319 students enrolled in food and nutrition, foodservice management, and culinary arts programs of eight 2-year colleges and 4-year universities in Seoul and Kyunggi Province participated in the survey. Data were analyzed using SPSS Win (version 10.0) with descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, one-way analysis of variance, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis. Attributes of the highest importance scores included fringe benefits, wages and promotion opportunities, working environments, professional development opportunities, and organizational culturs. The students who preferred non-commercial foodservice as a career choice depended more on 'word-of-mouth from faculty' than those who preferred other fields (F=3.094, p < .05) and rated importance of 'participation in job fairs' higher than those who selected hotel food and beverage (F : 5.048, p < .01) . A factor analysis of the 19 attributes resulted in five factors: job/compensation policy, impersonal communication, company image, word-of-mouth, and personal experience. The five factors explained $67\%$ of the total variance. A discriminant analysis revealed that students who perceived 'impersonal communication' and 'word-of-mouth' more important were likely to prefer non-commercial foodservice as a career choice. The results would be used by university faculty in advising graduating students on career selection and by recruiters in developing effective and attractive recruiting programs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.251-257
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• 2017

Private banking, which is a part of the financial services industry, is an investment advisory business targeting high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs). The demand for asset management services, which isexpanding in the world market as well as in the Asia-Pacific region, is rapidly increasing in Korea as the low-growth, low-interest environment has stabilized. In Korea, the private banking business is ahead of growth, and the evaluation and compensation system of playing institutions remains a challenge. While the aging of the population increases the demand for services, the increasing competition and regulations have decreased the profit margins in the industry. In this paper, a business model is derived from a professional service quality model. Modular advisory services, value-proposition through sophisticated services, and investment expertise with increased clarity would help wealth management firms pursue their opportunities. By interviewing the experts of wealth management banks, this study constructsa business model with elements derived from a relevant literature review. The contribution of this research is to enable these institutions to understand the key factors affecting their financial performances, in order to improve them. This study is limited by one of the research models, and it will be necessary to conduct an empirical test in the future.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2006

The pilotage tariff system in port operations has received little attention in the academic literature. While studies addressing legal issues-such those concerning liability, marine accidents, and compensation for accidents-and institutional aspects have been prevalent, scant research has been conducted in the form of comparative analysis of pilotage tariff systems and current levels of pilotage charges in major ports. The purpose of this research is to investigate the rate structure of pilotage tariffs of major ports. Specifically, this study explores the current level of pilotage price and regulations by comparing the pilotage systems of six major hub ports in the world: Busan, Kobe, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Singapore and Rotterdam. Results show that Busan Port's pilotage tariff system ranks low (5th) among these six ports. Another finding is that the simplification of Korea's pilotage tariff system will yield productivity and efficiency improvements in this area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.317-331
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• 2023

Objectives: Construction workers are exposed to various hazardous substances simultaneously. However, little is known about the exposure hazards in construction industry. This study was aimed at identifying the risk of exposure hazards among construction workers. Methods: The expert survey (n=29) was conducted, including construction industry health managers (n=11) and work environment monitoring experts (n=18), on exposure probability, intensity and risk of hazardous substances by construction occupations Results: The exposure hazards of 30 construction occupations were identified and summarized through a literature review and expert survey. The most prevalent hazards were in order of noise, awkward posture, heat/cold, crystalline silica, cement/concrete dust, metal fumes, and volatile organic compounds. The hazards with highest risk score(over seven points) at construction occupations were noise(formwork carpenter, concrete finisher, rebar worker, demolition worker, driller/rock blaster), hazardous rays(welder), heat/cold (earthworks, formwork carpenter, rebar worker, concrete placer, scaffolder), awkward posture(bricklayer, caulker/tile setter, rebar worker) and heavy lifting(bricklayer, rebar worker). Among construction workers, the job types with the highest risk of exposure to carcinogens, and in which occupational cancer has been reported, were in order of stonemason, concrete finisher, rock blaster, welder, insulation installer, painter, scaffolder, plant worker and earthworks in order Conclusions: Systematic research and discussion on occupational disease among construction workers and its various hazardous factors are needed to establish job exposure matrix for facilitating standard for promptly processing the workers' compensation.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to find out what values users pursue from a smart device based education service. For this purpose, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire that was developed based on the results of literature review and user interviews. Thirteen user expectation values were developed from the results of the survey: individually customized learning, anytime anywhere learning, learning for career, learning through interaction, learning from diverse resources, learning through cooperation, learning through interchange, self-directed learning, learning within actual context, learning with feedback, learning in spare time, learning with motivation & compensation, and step-by-step learning. In addition, the results of the survey also showed that the user expectation values of women, high school students and people who responded that they knew the smart device based education service very well were higher than those of other users.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.856-859
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• 2006

Patient's position who muscle ache curer for hospital undergoes person entrance and treatment that take advantage of biological, physical force of low frequency and it is equipment that treat body muscle ache, but use equipment when use patient into compensation in hospital specially, that consider everybody is important first of all. This research question investigation with market survey of old product enforce because preference degree reflected officer a result and apply opinion tuned with product development connection engineers on DESIGN direction via typical product design development process close. This curer development research analyzed data involved directly taking advantage of FGI techniques with literature investigation collection. Investigation examined laying stress on muscle ache curer for hospital and a nurse than a doctor answered on question and purchase selection criterion or price portion to user focus. Direct market survey research that see item indicated by competition four provision shortcomings consequently in NEW MODEL development hereafter supplement and expectation. by contributing greatly in M/S security strategy hereafter because design development consisted for side that improve.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.240-253
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• 2019

Archaeological heritages are precious cultural relics and public assets that must be preserved, conserved, and shared with people all over the world. Investigating archaeological heritage is valuable and plays an important role for the public good; our ancestors' cultures can be restored, and it helps with developing a clear understanding of the cultural and social aspects of a historical period as well as teaches about historical factors unreported in the literature. One of the most basic and important conditions necessary for recognizing the value and importance of archaeological heritage investigation, expertise, and quality improvement is to establish detailed criteria for investigation services and the qualification examination of archaeological heritage. Observation of detailed criteria and the qualification examination of archaeological heritage can partially demonstrate society's recognition of strengthening transparency, public property, and the objectivity of the investigation of archaeological heritage. However, the detailed criteria for investigation services and the qualification examination of archaeological heritage currently implemented as administrative rules are neither followed by all institutes in the public and private sectors nor the government. Thus, there are serious problems in terms of the effectiveness and stability of institutions. The detailed criteria for the qualification examination breach the principle of statutory reservation, the principle of statutory regulation, and regulations on the announcement and management of orders and rules. Non-compliance with compensation criteria for investigation services or with detailed criteria for the qualification examination of archaeological heritage will be one of the reasons for the failure of the investigation foundation for archaeological heritage in the future. That is, it will result in the expansion, reproduction, and repetition of a vicious cycle of conflict between developers, who are the decision-makers responsible for selecting an investigating organization for archaeological heritage and determining the cost, and investigating organizations. This includes the impractical shortening of investigation periods and reducing costs by developers, distrust of the values and the importance of investigations of archaeological heritage, a decrease in quality, accidents caused by a lack of safety, a lack of occupational ethics, and non-recruitment of new experts, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to change the structure from a vicious cycle to a virtuous cycle, and promote the enactment of regulations that will ensure effectiveness and stability in the process of attaining the goals of the institution and application of the institution, as well as the continuous advancement of work to fill the gaps with reality.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.4 s.48
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• pp.711-734
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• 1994

Among chemical agents in herbicides, dioxin (2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachloro dibenzo-$\rho$-dioxin : TCDD), a chemical contaminant in herbicides sprayed during the Vietnam War has been known to be the major agent causing toxic effects. Approximately 320,000 korean soldiers participated the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1974. Although the potential hazards of the herbicides among Korean veterans exposed were implicated, the problem had not been a public issue until 1991 when Korean veterans were informed U.S. companies, the herbicides manufacturer payed fund, from which a trust fund for New Zealand and Australian Class members were established in 1985. After a series of appeals and demonstration by the Korean Veterans demanding medical care and compensation for their serious health damages, a bill of medical care and compensation for herbicides victims was promulgated in March 1993 and become effective from May 1993, This study was carried out with two major objectives : the first to understand the health problems caused from the herbicides by reviewing literatures published, and the second to examine the nature and extent of health impacts among Korean veterans exposed and to develop valid study methods for the major study by interviewing and reviewing records on a part of veterans (638 persons) registered and completed medical examination in Seoul Veterans Administration Hospital from June to October 1993. The results obtained are as followings: 1. The literature review of 107 papers revealed that 1) Dioxin is teratogenic, carcinogenic and affects almost all organs including nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems in animal experiments. 2) The diseases showing evidence of causal association were Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's disease, lung cancer, lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, chloroacne and polyneuropathy when judged on the basis of consistency in study results and biological plausibility. 2. Interview and medical record review study on 638 veterans, though limited validity owing to lack of control group, crude estimates of dioxin exposure levels (no biomarkers measurable), and uncertainty of diagnosis, showed that: 1) Most of the study subject's were in their 40's of age and had been dispatched to Vietnam during the period from $1965{\sim}1970$ around one year. 2) Most frequently complained symptoms in medical examination were motor weakness (32%), sensory abnormalities in extremities (23%), skin diseases (22%), and pain in extremities (20%) whereas in Interview they were more frequent in order of skin problem (44%), motor weakness (38%), sensory abnormalities and pain in extremities(17% and 19% each). Kappa indices on the same category of complaints between two sources of information were variable and relatively low. 3) On medical examination, only a part of the 638 subjects had initial impression (442 pts) and final diagnosis (218 pts) suggesting decision making on diagnosis appeared to be difficult even with all available modern medical technologies: in initial impression disorders from peripheral and central neuropathy were predominant whereas in final diagnosis various types of skin disorder were most frequent 4) When dose-response relationship between several conditions (from questionnaire) and arbitrary exposure scores were examined by CMH linear trend test, spontaneous abortion, sexual problems and health problem of offsprings showed statistically significant linear trends. However, pregnancy, accident and suicidal attempts did not show any relationship in this study capacity. 5) Among complaints, psychosis and neurosis (anxiety, phobia) in interview study, and memory disorder and psychosis in medical record study revealed linear trend. 6) Skin disorder was the only condition showing linear trend in initial impression and none in final diagnosis on medical examination. Even though objective to select out dioxin-related disease or group of diseases from this study was not achieved the research experiences provided firm basis for developing various methodological approaches. 3. From this preliminary study we concluded that a larger scale major epidemiologic study on health impacts of herbicides among Korean veterans exposed is not only Indispensible but also well designed study with more valid exposure information and diagnosis may be able to establish causal relationship between certain groups of diseases and exposure to the herbicides among Korean veterans.