• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1114-1121
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• 2012

There is a cause and effect relationship in that brain injury causes impairment of mental rotation and ultimately independent functional activities. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mental rotation on reaction time and precision between the normal adults and chronic hemiparetic stroke patients. Thirty-one patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke and twenty normal adults participated in this study. The participants conducted 2 types of tasks for mental rotation: a comparison task using mirror images, and a rotation task using angular disparity images for 2 different 3-dimensional objects. Each of the 3 possible angled shapes ($90^{\circ}$, $180^{\circ}$, and $270^{\circ}$) appeared in each pair. The test consisted of 6 mirror-reflected image pairs and 6 angular disparity image pairs visualized during angular rotation, and 12 test periods. The subjects were judged on how accurately and rapidly they could distinguish between the mirrored and non-mirrored pairs. The study measured reaction time and precision to compare the effect of mental rotation tasks. Reaction time during all 3 angular conditions were significantly longer in the stroke patients than that in the normal adult during the comparison tasks and the rotation tasks. In addition, precision during mental rotation tasks was not significantly different between normal adults and stroke patients. Our results suggest that rehabilitation therapists should keep in mind that mental rotation is more difficult in stroke population than in normal adults.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.1741-1751
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• 2007

The imprecise computation technique ensures that all time-critical tasks produce their results before their deadlines by trading off the quality of the results for the computation time requirements of the tasks. In the imprecise computation, most scheduling problems of satisfying both 0/1 constraints and timing constraints, while the total error is minimized, are NP-complete when the optional tasks have arbitrary processing times. In the previous studies, the reasonable strategies of scheduling tasks with the 0/1 constraints on uniprocessors and multiprocessors for minimizing the total error are proposed. But, these algorithms are all off-line algorithms. Then, in the on-line scheduling, NORA(No Off-line tasks and on-line tasks Ready upon Arrival) algorithm can find a schedule with the minimum total error. In NORA algorithm, EDF(Earliest Deadline First) strategy is adopted in the scheduling of optional tasks. On the other hand, for the task system with 0/1 constraints, NORA algorithm may not suitable any more for minimizing total error of the imprecise tasks. Therefore, in this paper, an on-line algorithm is proposed to minimize total error for the imprecise real-time task system with 0/1 constraints. This algorithm is suitable for the imprecise on-line system with 0/1 constraints. Next, to evaluate performance of this algorithm, a series of experiments are done. As a consequence of the performance comparison, it has been concluded that IOSMTE(Imprecise On-line Scheduling to Minimize Total Error) algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms LOF(Longest Optional First) strategy and SOF(Shortest Optional First) strategy for the most cases.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1999

To offer a general guideline for the quantitative analysis of airborne pollutants, we designed and conducted a comprehensive QA/QC test using two different strategic approaches, namely (1) field-based comparative measurement and (2) laboratory-based comparative analysis. The former task was performed to make meaningful comparison of combined errors occurring from both sampling and analytical techniques in the measurements of such components as: (1) criteria pollutants, (2) volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and (3) particulate matters with the associated metals and ions. The latter task was also conducted to compare various types of bias arising mainly from the laboratory analytical procedures of (1) gaseous standards of VOCs and (2) of aqueous standards of metals and ions. The concentration data derived from each of these two different types of major tasks were evaluated per chemical species categorized as above. While the very details of these studies are to be reported on an individual basis according to the above classification of the project, this paper is presented to provide an overview of the whole project - its aim and direction.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-68
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• 2021

Objective : This study aimed to analyze and classify the task-oriented training methods used to improve the daily lives of children with cerebral palsy. Methods : The search period from January 2008 to August 2020, and the CINAHL, MEDLINE and PubMed was databases were used. A total of 18 studies was selected, and the PICO method was applied to conduct the systematic review. The training methods were then classified according to task, practice, and feedback as strategies to learn or to exercise control based on prior research. Results : Of the selected studies, 13 reported significant results in the area of motor skills, two of which related to Activities of Daily Living. Discrete and closed were the most common forms of task, and the most used types of practice were whole, part, and blocked, in that order. Finally, feedback was not specifically provided in most studies, followed by extrinsic feedback. Conclusion : Based on this review, task-oriented training for children with cerebral palsy can be made more effective in clinical practice in the future through the systematic selection of techniques that promote exercise control and the presentation of specific methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.361-367
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• 2014

In this paper, task scheduling and load balancing methods of multifrontal solution methods of finite element structural analysis in a modern multicore machine are introduced. Many structural analysis problems have generally irregular grid and many kinds of properties and materials. These irregularities and heterogeneities lead to bottleneck of parallelization and cause idle time to analysis. Therefore, task scheduling and load balancing are desired to reduce inefficiency. Several kinds of multithreaded parallelization methods are presented and comparison between static and dynamic task scheduling are shown. To reduce the idle time caused by irregular partitioned subdomains, computational load balancing methods, Balancing all tasks and minmax task pairing balancing, are invented. Theoretical and actual elapsed time are shown and the reason of their performance gap are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

The research aims at providing data needed for planning the lighting of a study room by comparing the lighting environments of study rooms for urban and rural juveniles. The subject of the research was 300 students in middle schools in Daegu and Checngdo-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do (Daegu 150 houses and Cheongdo 150 houses), and their study rooms were examined. The following is the result of the research. First, rural students stayed more time in their study room than urban students. The task that rural students (studying) and urban students (studying and using computer) all did in their study room was mainly visual work Second, although the sizes of rural study rooms were bigger than those of urban study rooms, urban study rooms had more light sources than rural study rooms. In the rate that of having a task lighting, the city(87.1[%]) was higher than the country (45.7[%]). However, the rate of using a task lighting was lot high in both the city and the country. Third, the result that compared the average values of illuminations on desk planes was that the average value of the city was 3.4 times higher than that of the country. Also, the average value of the country did not meet the standard illumination of Korean industrial standards (KS). In particular, it did not reach the lowest standard. The result is related with that only 52[%] of students who had a task lighting used it. Finally, the satisfaction of lighting environment in the city was generally higher than the country. Especially, although the country had a low illumination, the user showed a high satisfaction. It indicates that people living in the country need to understand about the needs of illumination.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.239-253
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to identify job tasks and task elements of Korean nurse anesthetists according to type of medical institution. Methods: A job task scale which consisted of 9 job tasks and 40 task elements was developed. Data were collected from December, 2009 to February, 2010 from 182 nurse anesthetists who were working in medical institutions (response rate: 75.8%). Results: Forty-eight percent of nurse anesthetists were independent from anesthesiologists in anesthetic practice. Preanesthetic nursing assessment was much more frequent in small hospitals than in general hospitals (p<.05), and anesthetic nursing intervention, administering the anesthetics, monitoring the patient's status during anesthesia, and provision of safety and compliance with anesthetic ethics were much more frequent in general hospitals than medical centers (p<.001). There were no differences among the medical institutions for job tasks in post-anesthetic nursing interventions (p=.229), administering anesthetics (p=.354) and monitoring patients' status during anesthesia (p=.099), providing safe anesthetic environment (p=.896), and management of ancillary personnel/equipment (p=.617). Conclusion: Results indicate that nurse anesthetists contribute significantly to anesthetic practice in small hospitals and general hospitals. Therefore, it recommended that nursing leaders make efforts to enact legal nurse anesthetist-related policies for safe and high quality anesthetic nursing care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.892-902
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ethical values of senior students in nursing (N＝111) and in medicine(N＝82). The data were collected through self-reported questionnaires in April, 1999. Categories for classifying used in the content analysis of the responses were : (1) human life (2) patient relationship (3) task relationship and (4) co-worker relationship. The results of the study are as follows ; 1) The ethical values of students in nursing and medicine were in the direction of utilitarian in the area of human life. The ethical values of students in nursing and medicine were in the direction of a deontological position in the area of patient relationship. The mean score for students in nursing was significantly higher than for those in medicine(P＜0.01) The ethical values of students in nursing and medicine was in the direction of utilitarian in the area of task relationship. The mean score for students in medicine was significantly lower than that of students in nursing(P＜0.01). The ethical values of students in nursing and medicine was definitely in the direction of a deontological position in co-worker. The mean score for students in nursing was significantly higher than that of students medicine (P＜0.05). 2) A positive correlation was found between the area of human life and patient relationship(P＜0.05), patient and task relationship(P＜0.01), and task and co-worker relationship(P＜0.05) for students in nursing. On the other hand, the area of human life was positively correlated with patient, task and co-worker relationship area(P＜0.05) for students in medicine. The area of patient relationship was also positively correlated with co -worker relationship for the students in medicine(P＜0.01). 3) The ethical values of students in nursing were related to demographic characteristics ; degree of participation in religion(P＜0.01)and degree of recognition of an ethical codes(P＜0.05), on the other hand, the ethical values of students in medicine showed no significant differences according to demogrephic variables.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2010

Objectives : This study investigated the differences of working memory among the subtypes of ADHD. Methods : Eighty-one children and adolescents with ADHD and thirty normal controls were recruited. Children with any cognitive disorders and low intelligence were excluded. In order to evaluate the verbal and visuospatial working memory, Digit span and Finger windows tasks were measured, respectively. Performances on these measures between children with ADHD and controls were compared. Further, performances among the groups of ADHD predominantly inattentive(ADHD-IA)(n=40), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive(ADHD-HI)(n= 10), and combined type(ADHD-C)(n=31), were compared. Results : Scores of Finger windows forward task were lower in the ADHD group as compared to the control group, whereas, the Digit span forward showed no difference. Both scores of Digit span backward and Finger windows backward task were lower in the ADHD group than the controls. Children with ADHD-IA performed poorer than children with ADHD-C on the Finger windows backward task. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that children with ADHD have deficits in spatial short-term memory and verbal and visuospatial working memory when compared to normal children. The deficits were evident in children with ADHD-IA subtype and in particular, performance on the visuospatial working memory task in this group was poorer than the ADHD-C group.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between cognitive and motor inhibition by comparing muscle activity and ground reaction force during unplanned gait termination according to reaction time measured through the stop-signal task. Methods: Sixteen young adults performed a stop-signal task and an unplanned gait termination separately. The subjects were divided into fast and slow groups based on their stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), as measured by the stop-signal task. Electromyography (EMG) and ground reaction force (GRF) were compared between the groups during unplanned gait termination. The data for gait termination were divided into three phases (Phase 1 to 3). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters and EMG and GRF data between groups. Results: The slow group had significantly higher activity of the tibialis anterior in Phase 2 and Phase 3 than the fast group (p <0.05). In Phase 1, the fast group had significantly shorter time to peak amplitude (TPA) of the soleus than the slow group (p <0.05). In Phase 2, the TPA of the tibialis anterior was significantly lower in the fast group than the slow group (p <0.05). In Phase 3, there was no significant difference in the GRF between the two groups (p >0.05). There were no significant difference between the two groups in the spatiotemporal gait parameters (p >0.05). Conclusion: Compared to the slow group, the fast group with cognitive inhibition suppressed muscle activity for unplanned gait termination. The association between SSRT and unplanned gait termination shows that a participant's ability to suppress an incipient finger response is relevant to their ability to construct a corrective gait pattern in a choice-demanding environment.