• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.425-438
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• 2006

This study has the purpose of providing a framework for analyzing problems of institutional choice, illustrating the complex configuration of variables that must be addressed when individuals in field settings attempt to fashion rules to improve their individual and joint outcomes. The reason for presenting this complex array of variables (i.e., situational variables) as a framework rather than as a model is precisely because one cannot encompass this degree of complexity within a single model. The results of this study imply that it is important for researchers and government officials to understand that appropriators have a certain amount of ability to transform the status quo rules to the alternative rules.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.54-81
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• 2007

The paradigm of health promotion requests community participation and its active problem-solving. Community is conceptualized as a resource pool to be organized. Such resource is called community capacity. Community participation is a process of capacity building. Community voluntary associations are considered as valuable resource to be used for health promotion. This paper tried to identify the network structure among community voluntary associations and to infer the possibility to make such network of organizations participate in health promotion programs. Two survey data were used for this research: 1) Measurements and Evaluations of Community Capacity on Dobong-gu (N=94) 2) A development plan of health medicine service to be Healthy Gangdong-gu (N=69). The questionnaire included such variables measuring community capacity as leadership, membership, organizational resources, and inter-organizational network, etc. Both regions had the following common characteristics: 1) There were positive correlations between the organization's budget and membership. 2) Organizational types were associated with their founded years. Two regions showed the following differences: Dobong displayed the high density of community organizations, but Gangdong showed the low density. Dobong community organizations were able to be classified into three network clusters such as women & environments, youth & adolescent, and sports organizations. Each cluster of organizations favored the different type of health promotion programs. Gangdong community organizations were less developed, and not possible to be clustered. Depending upon the level of community capacity or community organizations' differentiation, the strategy of community participation could be settle down in different ways. Particularly the health agency had to pay more attention to support the growth of civil organizations.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.43-71
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• 1975

Operations research has developed rapidly since its origins in World War II. Practitioners of O. R. have contributed to almost every aspect of government and business. More recently, a number of operations researchers have turned their attention to library and information systems, and the author believes that significant research has resulted. It is the purpose of this essay to introduce the library audience to some of these accomplishments, to present some of the author's hypotheses on the subject of library management to which he belives O. R. has great potential, and to suggest some future research directions. Some problem areas in librianship where O. R. may play a part have been discussed and are summarized below. (1) Library location. It is usually necessary to make balance between accessibility and cost In location problems. Many mathematical methods are available for identifying the optimal locations once the balance between these two criteria has been decided. The major difficulties lie in relating cost to size and in taking future change into account when discriminating possible solutions. (2) Planning new facilities. Standard approaches to using mathematical models for simple investment decisions are well established. If the problem is one of choosing the most economical way of achieving a certain objective, one may compare th althenatives by using one of the discounted cash flow techniques. In other situations it may be necessary to use of cost-benefit approach. (3) Allocating library resources. In order to allocate the resources to best advantage the librarian needs to know how the effectiveness of the services he offers depends on the way he puts his resources. The O. R. approach to the problems is to construct a model representing effectiveness as a mathematical function of levels of different inputs(e.g., numbers of people in different jobs, acquisitions of different types, physical resources). (4) Long term planning. Resource allocation problems are generally concerned with up to one and a half years ahead. The longer term certainly offers both greater freedom of action and greater uncertainty. Thus it is difficult to generalize about long term planning problems. In other fields, however, O. R. has made a significant contribution to long range planning and it is likely to have one to make in librarianship as well. (5) Public relations. It is generally accepted that actual and potential users are too ignorant both of the range of library services provided and of how to make use of them. How should services be brought to the attention of potential users? The answer seems to lie in obtaining empirical evidence by controlled experiments in which a group of libraries participated. (6) Acquisition policy. In comparing alternative policies for acquisition of materials one needs to know the implications of each service which depends on the stock. Second is the relative importance to be ascribed to each service for each class of user. By reducing the level of the first, formal models will allow the librarian to concentrate his attention upon the value judgements which will be necessary for the second. (7) Loan policy. The approach to choosing between loan policies is much the same as the previous approach. (8) Manpower planning. For large library systems one should consider constructing models which will permit the skills necessary in the future with predictions of the skills that will be available, so as to allow informed decisions. (9) Management information system for libraries. A great deal of data can be available in libraries as a by-product of all recording activities. It is particularly tempting when procedures are computerized to make summary statistics available as a management information system. The values of information to particular decisions that may have to be taken future is best assessed in terms of a model of the relevant problem. (10) Management gaming. One of the most common uses of a management game is as a means of developing staff's to take decisions. The value of such exercises depends upon the validity of the computerized model. If the model were sufficiently simple to take the form of a mathematical equation, decision-makers would probably able to learn adequately from a graph. More complex situations require simulation models. (11) Diagnostics tools. Libraries are sufficiently complex systems that it would be useful to have available simple means of telling whether performance could be regarded as satisfactory which, if it could not, would also provide pointers to what was wrong. (12) Data banks. It would appear to be worth considering establishing a bank for certain types of data. It certain items on questionnaires were to take a standard form, a greater pool of data would de available for various analysis. (13) Effectiveness measures. The meaning of a library performance measure is not readily interpreted. Each measure must itself be assessed in relation to the corresponding measures for earlier periods of time and a standard measure that may be a corresponding measure in another library, the 'norm', the 'best practice', or user expectations.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:컴퓨팅의 실제 및 레터
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.393-409
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• 2003

본 논문에서 인터넷 정보가전과 같은 Qplus-T 내장형 시스템을 위한 멀티 태스크 디버깅 환경에 대해 제안한다. 효과적인 교차 개발을 지원하기 위해 원격 멀티 태스크 디버깅 환경의 구조 및 기능틀을 제안할 것이다. 그리고, 좀더 효율적인 교차 개발 환경의 개발을 위하여 호스트-타겟 사이에 디버깅 커뮤니케이션 아키텍쳐를 개선할 것이다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 Q+Esto라는 원격 개발 도구들은 대화형 쉘, 원격 디버거, 리소스 모니터, 타겟 매니저, 그리고 디버그 에이전트들과 같이 몇 개의 독립된 도구들로 구성된다. 호스트에서 원격 멀티 태스크 디버거를 이용해서, 개발자는 타겟 실행 시스템 위에 태스크들을 생성시키거나 디버그 할 수 있으며, 실행 중인 태스크들에 접속하여 디버그 할 수 있다. 응용 코드는 C/C++ 소스레벨로 활 수 있으며, 어셈블리 레벨 코드로도 볼 수 있다. 그리고, 소스코드, 레지스터들, 지역/전역 변수들, 스택 프레임, 메모리, 그리고 사건 트레이스 등등을 위한 다양한 디스플레이 윈도우들을 포함하고 있다. 타겟 매니저는 Q+Esto 도구들에 의해 공유되는 공통된 기능 즉, 호스트-타겟 커뮤니케이션, 오브젝트 파일 로딩, 타겟 상주 호스트 메모리 풀의 관리, 그리고 타겟 시스템 심볼 테이블 관리 등등의 기능들을 구현한다. 이러한 기능들을 개방형 C API라고 부르는데, Q+Esto의 도구들의 확장성을 크게 개선한다. 그리고, 타겟 매니저와 타겟 시스템 커뮤니케이션을 위한 상대파트 모듈 즉, 디버그 에이전트가 존재하는데, 이것은 타겟의 실시간 운영체제 위에서 데몬 태스크 형태로 수행된다. 디버거를 포함한 호스트 도구로부터의 디버깅 요청을 밟아, 그것을 해석하고 실행하여, 그 결과론 호스트에 보내는 기능을 수행한다.