• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.146-164
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• 2010

Due to an increasing volume of XML data, it is considered prudent to store XML data on an industry-strength database system instead of relying on a domain specific application or a file system. For shredded XML data stored in relational tables, however, it may not be straightforward to apply existing algorithms for twig query processing, since most of the algorithms require XML data to be accessed in a form of streams of elements grouped by their tags and sorted in a particular order. In order to support XML query processing within the common framework of relational database systems, we first propose several bitmap indexes and their strategies for supporting holistic twig joining on XML data stored in relational tables. Since bitmap indexes are well supported in most of the commercial and open-source database systems, the proposed bitmapped indexes and twig query processing strategies can be incorporated into relational query processing framework with more ease. The proposed query processing strategies are efficient in terms of both time and space, because the compressed bitmap indexes stay compressed during data access. In addition, we propose a hybrid index which computes twig query solutions with only bit-vectors, without accessing labeled XML elements stored in the relational tables.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2002

The lack of specialties of the existing commercial web search systems stems from the fact that they have no capabilities to extract and gather the meaningful information from each information domain they cover. We are sure, however, that the necessity for the information integration system, not just search system, will be likely to become larger in the future. In this paper, we propose a design and implementation of an information integration system called TIC(target information collector). TIC is able to extract meaningful information from a specific information area in the internet and integrate them for the commercial service. We also show the evaluation results of our implementation. For the experiments we applied our TIC to the international procurement information area. The international procurement information is publicly and freely announced by each government to the world. To automatically extract common properties from the related source sites, we adopt information pointing technique using inter-HTML tag pattern parsing. And through the information integration framework design, we can easily implement a site-specific information integration engine. By running our TIC for about 8 months, we find out it can remove considerable amount of the duplicated information, and as a result, we can obtain high quality international procurement information. The main contribution of this paper is to present a framework design and it's implementation for extracting the information of a specific area and then integrating them into a meaningful one.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2013

A single-layer graphene has been uniformly grown on a Cu surface at elevated temperatures by thermally processing a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system under vacuum. The detailed chemistry of the transition from solid-state carbon to graphene on the catalytic Cu surface was investigated by performing in-situ residual gas analysis while PMMA/Cu-foil samples being heated, in conjunction with interrupted growth studies to reconstruct ex-situ the heating process. The data clearly show that the formation of graphene occurs with hydrocarbon molecules vaporized from PMMA, such as methane and/or methyl radicals, as precursors rather than by the direct graphitization of solid-state carbon. We also found that the temperature for vaporizing hydrocarbon molecules from PMMA and the length of time the gaseous hydrocarbon atmosphere is maintained, which are dependent on both the heating temperature profile and the amount of a solid carbon feedstock are the dominant factors to determine the crystalline quality of the resulting graphene film. Under optimal growth conditions, the PMMA-derived graphene was found to have a carrier (hole) mobility as high as ~2,700 cm2V-1s-1 at room temperature, superior to common graphene converted from solid carbon.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2011

Purpose : Bacteremia is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children with cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of bacteremia in pediatric cancer patients. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed bacteremia episodes occurred in pediatric cancer patients at Samsung Medical Center from January 2008 to December 2010. We excluded bacteremia episodes after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Results : A total of 141 blood cultures were positive in 121 patients. Thirteen cultures due to contamination were excluded. For analysis, 128 bacteremia episodes in 108 children were included. Gram-positive organisms accounted for 46.9% (60/ 128) and gram-negative organisms for 53.1% (68/128). The source of bacteremia was identified in 21.1% of episodes. Bacteremia due to catheter related infection was observed in 9.4% of episodes (12/128 episodes) and gram-positive organisms were isolated in 75% of episodes (9/12). There were 10 cases (7.8%) of bacteremia associated with septic shock and gramnegative organisms were isolated in 80% of episodes (8/10). Relapses were documented within 30 days in 2 patients who cleared bacteremia which was confirmed after negative blood cultures. Mortality associated with bacteremia was not observed. Conclusion : Continuous monitoring is needed to maintain the tailored strategies to manage pediatric cancer patients with neutropenic fever who are at high risk of developing bacteremia in each institution.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2015

Acute maxillary sinusitis is a common disorder affecting children. Untreated acute sinusitis can develop into chronic sinusitis, and complications, such as orbital cellulitis or abscess, can occur. Maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin is not a well-recognized condition and is frequently missed in children. As an odontogenic source of sinusitis, the dentigerous cyst is one of the most prevalent types of odontogenic cysts, and it is associated with the crown of an unerupted or developing tooth. This report concerns a nine-year-old boy who was diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis originating from a dentigerous cyst with supernumerary teeth. The boy visited our pediatric clinic presenting with rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction and was initially diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis only. With antibiotic treatment, his symptoms seemed to improve, but after 2 months, he came to our clinic with left facial swelling with persistent rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. Radiographic examinations of the sinuses were performed, and he was diagnosed with maxillary sinusitis originating from a dentigerous cyst with supernumerary teeth. After a surgical procedure involving the removal of the dentigerous cyst with supernumerary teeth, the symptoms of sinusitis gradually diminished. There are only very few cases in the pediatric medical literature that remind us that odontogenic origin can cause maxillary sinusitis in children. Our patient can act as a reminder to general pediatricians to include dentigerous cysts in the differential diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 2005

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to SI6 and won-rak point on the ankle sprain model was examined. A common source of persistent pain in humans is the lateral ankle sprain. Methods : To model this condition, the rat's right ankle was bent repeatedly, overextending lateral ligaments, for 4 min under enflurane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful ankle. EA was applied to the several acupuncture point on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force and Paw volume were Periodically conducted during the next 4 h and 18 h respectively. Results : EA applied to $SI_6$ with won-rak point produced more powerful improvement of stepping force of the sprained foot than to $SI_6$ alone lasting for at least 4 h. However, neigher $KI_4$ point nor $BL_{64}$ point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effort on the ankle sprain pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to $KI_4$ or $BL_{64}$. In addition, EA applied to $SI_6$ with won-rak combination point showed inhibitory effect on the paw edema induced by ankle sprain. Also, COX-2 protein expression increased by ankle sprain were suppressed by the EA stimulation. Conclusion : These data suggest that EA with won-rak combination point produces a more potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model in the rat and that EA with won-rak combination point induced anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of COX-2 protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 2014

Common cruciferous vegetables, kohlabi (Brassica oleracea) and radish (Raphanus sativus), contain phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and carotenoids. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of kohlrabi sprout extract (KSE) and radish sprout extract (RSE). The total carotenoid and glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were $39.50{\pm}0.67$ and $76.73{\pm}2.75mg/g$, respectively. The total glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were $2.65{\pm}0.02$ and $8.13{\pm}0.54mg/g$, respectively. The in vitro-antioxidative activities of KSE and RSE were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ${\beta}$-carotene and glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE, especially RSE, can be used in the treatment of obesity and as a natural source of antioxidants.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.2 s.86
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• pp.163-170
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• 2005

Soybean is an important plant as the source of protein and oil, as well as phytochemicals such as genistien, daidzein, phenolic acids, phytic acid, tocopherol, and saponin. Chungkukjang, a fermented soybean paste, is common in Korean meals and bacillus is usually used in the fermentation of steamed soybean. For its processing, whole soybeans are boiled in water until the beans are soft, and then the drained beans are wrapped with rice straw or starter and set in a warm place at $65^{\circ}C\;for\;3\;\~\;4\;days$. Normally, the remaining cooked water which was drained from the steamed beans is discarded. We supposed that this water possesses hish amounts of useful components, and we therefore developed a modified method using the cooked water. After fermentation, we added the remaining cooked water which had been drained from the beans to the fermented soy beans and boiled them together. To investigate the bio-functionality of the modified Chungkukjang, the total antioxidative activity, isoflavones contents, phenolic acids, and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) were measured at each stage of the preparation of chungkukjang. The original and modified chungkukjang possessed a high antioxidative activity compared with the other samples, as did the drained water after steaming of the soybean. The contents of genistein, daidzein, and phenolic acids, which contained antioxidative activity, were also increased in the original chungkukjang and their contents were similar in the modified chungkukjang. The content of 3-DG was increased in the modified chungkukjang compare with the original. It is suggested that the active soybean components delivered to the drained water during the steaming process were useful for increasing the bio-functionality of the modified chungkukjang.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.627-639
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• 2014

In respect of the nutrients cycling in coastal environment, regeneration in bottom layer is one of major source of nutrients. We analyzed the bottom water quality at the 14 stations during 9 years from 2004 to 2012 to investigate the characteristics of nutrients at bottom layer in Jinhae Bay. Concentrations of DIN, DIP and DSi showed the large seasonal variation and were higher in summer. Especially, average concentrations of these nutrients were two times higher in hypoxic season than in normoxic season. In summer, high concentrations of DIN, DIP and DSi caused by regeneration were common feature, but spatial distribution of DSi differ from that of DIN and DIP. DIN and DIP were higher in Masan Bay, while DSi was higher in Masan Bay as well as in center of Jinhae Bay. In comparison with DIN and DIP, DSi was significantly affected by nutrients regeneration at bottom layer in whole season. According to time series analysis, DIN concentration was decreased from approximately $14{\mu}M$ to $6{\mu}M$. This result induce that Si:N ratio at bottom layer in Jinhae Bay changed from approximately 1 to 3.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.152-177
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• 2021

Purpose - This study analyses the excepted requirement and burden of proof of the carrier due to unseaworthiness through comparison between the marine transport contract and marine insurance contract. Design/methodology - This study uses the legal analytical normative approach. The juridical approach involves reviewing and examining theories, concepts, legal doctrines and legislation that are related to the problems. In this study a literature analysis using academic literature and internet data is conducted. Findings - The burden of proof in case of seaworthiness should be based on presumed fault, not proved fault. The burden of proving unseaworthiness/seaworthiness should shift to the carrier, and should be exercised before seeking the protections of the law or carriage contract. In other words, the insurer cannot escape coverage for unfitness of a vessel which arises while the vessel is at sea, which the assured could not have prevented in the exercise of due diligence. The insurer bears the burden of proving unseaworthiness. The warranty of seaworthiness is implied in hull, but not protection and indemnity policies. The 2015 Act repeals ss. 33(3) and 34 of MIA 1906. Otherwise the provisions of the MIA 1906 remain in force, including the definition of a promissory warranty and the recognition of implied warranties. There is less clarity about the position when the source of the loss occurs before the breach of warranty but the actual loss is suffered after the breach. Nonetheless, by s.10(2) of the 2015 Act the insurer appears not to be liable for any loss occurring after the breach of warranty and before there has been a remedy. Originality/value - When unseaworthiness is identified after the sailing of the vessel, mere acceptance of the ship does not mean the party waives any claims for damages or the right to terminate the contract, provided that failure to comply with the contractual obligations is of critical importance. The burden of proof with regards to loss of damage to a cargo caused by unseaworthiness is regulated by the applicable law. For instance, under the common law, if the cargo claimant alleges that the loss or damage has been caused by unseaworthiness, then he has the burden of proof to establish the followings: (i) that the vessel was unseaworthy at the beginning of the voyage; and that, (ii) that the loss or damage has been caused by such unseaworthiness. In other words, if the warranty of seaworthiness at the inception of the voyage is breached, the breach voids the policy if the ship owner had prior knowledge of the unseaworthy condition. By contrast, knowingly permitting the vessel to break ground in an unseaworthy condition denies liability only for loss or damage proximately caused by the unseaworthiness. Such a breach does not, therefore, void the entire policy, but only serves to exonerate the insurer for loss or damage proximately caused by the unseaworthy condition.