• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.196-205
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• 2016

The exhaust gas discharged by cars not only threatens the health of the human body, but also contributes to global warming, due to the resulting increase in the concentrations of ozone, fine dust and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the government has steadily implemented careful inspection systems for exhaust emissions, in order to efficiently regulate the exhaust gas of cars. Studies on reducing the exhaust emissions of automobiles have been conducted in various fields, including ones designed to reduce the generation of HC, NOx, and $CO_2$ in the exhaust emission of vehicles. However, there have been insufficient studies on the reduction of the exhaust emission for old diesel vehicles. To develop careful inspection systems for the exhaust emissions of old diesel vehicles, studies on the reduction of the exhaust emissions and improvement of power are necessary by cleaning the carbon sediment in both the intake manifold and injector. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed and compared the amounts of gas emitted when simultaneously cleaning or not cleaning the intake manifold and injector of diesel automobiles with mileages over 80,000 km and operating periods over 5 years. The experimental results showed that in the case where the intake manifold and injector were simultaneously cleaned, there was a decline of 75.2% in the gas emission compared to the cases where only the manifold or injector is cleaned. Also, it was found that simultaneously cleansing the intake manifold and injector enabled the exhaust standard to be satisfied for less than 30% within 8.5 sec.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.167-174
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• 2019

The propose od this study was to examine the extent of using physical restraint on elderly patients (over 65 years old) and who were patients in long-term care hospitals. The data was collected, from March 3 2018 to March 29 2018, from the electronic nursing records by using a recording tool, and clinical observation was also used for assessing the use of physical restraint and the related factors. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and logistic regression were then performed. The usage rate for physical restraints in long-term care hospital was 83.7%, and the most common type of physical restraint was side rails. The use of physical restraints showed a positive correlation with the fall risk scores and a negative correlation with the MMSE. Logistic regression analysis showed that the Fall Risk Score (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01~1.03), MMSE (OR=0.94, CI=0.88~0.99) and the use of medical devices (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.65~0.98) were related with using physical restraints. Therefore, it was confirmed that physical restraint was used in cases of a high risk of falling, severe cognitive impairment and the use of complex and fragile medical devices to treat the patient. Clinical nursing practice should be changed so that treatment alternatives can be applied for elderly patients rather than using too many physical restraints.