• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2016

This study analyzed the state of the vessels which were using the berth for dangerous goods more than its carrying capacity in the major dangerous cargo handling port of Ulsan in Korea, The result of the analysis showed that a ship which has 3 times more than the maximum berthing capacity was moored at berth. Accordingly, a simulation model for 50,000 DWT berth was built and carried out the mooring safety analysis with 50,000 DWT, 70,000 DWT and 100,000 DWT vessels by mooring assessment program. The evaluation was carried out according to the standard environment presented in OCIMF standards. 50,000 DWT vessel was evaluated to meet the acceptable criteria but, 70,000 DWT and 100,000 DWT vessels exceeded the acceptable limit as per external conditions. Consequently, safe mooring guidelines were suggested and also proposed the building of common 'Mooring safety guideline' for port with assessment of different cases.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.163-200
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• 1999

The CISG entrusts many problems to trade or practice : for example the problems which can't be compromised between civil law system and common law system ; the problems in which the application of usage or practice in universal ; the problems of rapid change according to trade circumstance. The purpose of this paper is to confirm whether the CISG is accomodating the usage or practice in its Text, and to find which topic is most closely related to usage or practice in CISG. The Article 9 in the CISG is a provision of usages or practices applicable to contract. But the problems of the CISG in the accomodation of usages or practices are that it lacks the definitions of ‘usage’ and ‘practices’, the CISG is not concerned with the validity of any usage according to Article 4, and the application of usage or practice may differ in litigation and arbitration The topics such as delivery of goods, payment of price and the transfer of risk are most closely related to usages and practices. The delivery of goods and the transfer of risk are determined by the trade terms like FOB or CIF. But the method of identification and the risk for the sale of goods in transit can't be determined by the trade terms in INCOTERMS(1990). So the CISG may serve as complementing role. In payment of price, the trade term does not refer to the time and place of payment. So the CISG may be the basis of interpretation. Likewise the usages and practices such as trade terms, UCP and so on, can be expected to play a significant role in complementing and interpreting the CISG.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.38-50
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• 2000

We are evidently Home Economicus, egoistic rational utility maximiger, and all the capitalism economic situation make us adapt to such life, and recognize that it is rational to act like that. This can be demonstrated in Prisoner′s Dilemma(PD) which always select the non-cooperative choice for free rider in rational selection process of public goods. This paper notice the "what is problem\ulcorner"The problem is not in free rider itself but in free rider egoism. The practical behavior of free rider egoism can be explained by way of Prisoner′s Dilemma. In PD situation, the prisoner makes a rational choice, non-cooperative alternative, but he doesn′arrive at preto-optimality. It is dilemma. Why can′t he arrive \ulcorner Because he is isolated from other prisoner. So we call it prisoner′s dilemma. The PD situation can be compared with our real economic life, which, we think, have kept by rational choice of the public goods. We actually have made our life as an individual one although we organized communities of capitalism. Of course, we know each others as members of same society, but each individual being can′t secure the belief, which has composed basis of community. So, it is very similar and common between PD situation and our real economic life in the production of public goods. We conclude that this non-cooperative process of PD situation can be utilized as instrument of EE. So this non-cooperative process can show us the effectiveness of EE as follows. \circled1 Game situation life PD can be used as good instrument for explaining the rational selection dilemma(error) to Homo-Economicus, the rational agent, with the optimal and rational language. \circled2 We can show that the selection result is dilemma, not arrive pareto - optimality. \circled3 The dilemma can be resolved with accomplishing the good communal life based on the belief, not on the isolation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-40
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• 2002

This study is an attempt to grasp the spatial patterns and characteristics in the freight flows based on freight quantity data in 1997. The spatial background for the study is the Capital Region, which plays an important role in regional economics and industrial development. The methodology in the research used factor analysis to produce a functional region. The study selected three categories of freight that account for more than 60 percent of freight flows, chemical industrial goods, light industrial goods, and metal machinery industrial goods. The target analysis unit is divided into 36 zones. The common characteristic of the three categories is that they are concentrated at one specific region than are dispersed regionally. And in particular, the remarkable feature is that the central region of the study is Seoul. Usually the eminent regions of nows were made where environment of distribution facilities is good but these were made in a less than good environment. I think a reason is that facilities were uneven distribution.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.35
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• pp.36-86
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• 2006

The industrialization and globalization in the field of broadcasting are rapidly proceeded by extension of multilateral agreement as GATT and WTO, and by expansion of bilateral FTA. The broadcasting gets important in the industries according to the change of broadcasting environment grounded on industrial logic. As the broadcasting products become an important article of trade, broadcasting industry is the best bet in the cultural industries. In the international trade, the USA and Japan will treat cultural products the same as common goods and keep in the frame of free trade. On the contrary, the EU nations and Canada take a position that the cultural products are common goods and also public goods at the same time, and that therefore the cultural products will be excepted from the free trade. But this so called cultural exception, which is formed in the multilateral free trade agreement, is merely a temporal countermeasure, not a fundamental alternative especially in the present circumstances of DDA negotiation of WTO and of enlargement of FTA by the USA. So a nation shall carry out policies for cultural identity and cultural autonomy by the guarantee of Cultural Diversity Agreement of UNESCO, and organize a new cultural exchange order which substitutes the trade order by trade agreements.

• The Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction (JLCCI)
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-33
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• 2019

Ostrom's commons theory is based on the erroneous premise that differences in the resource management method originate from the physical attributes of resources such as subtractability and non-excludability. Thus, the theory fails to explain that the same resource may become private goods and toll goods, or common pool resources and public goods depending on the social conditions. Commons must be defined not by physical attributes but by social ones. In this study, rivalry and legitimacy of monopoly are presented as the criteria for resource classification instead of subtractability and non-excludability. Moreover, it was found through sea fields management in Jeju that legitimacy of monopoly is evaluated by the golden rule, more specifically the principle of fairness and respect for human life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.649-657
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• 2013

In this study, for a proposal of job-based IMDG code expert training model, the training cases of other countries were analyzed comparatively and a questionnaire-survey was conducted to find the needs of workers. As results of comparative analysis, various curriculums were operated by jobs of workers in USA and by kinds of dangerous goods or vehicles in UK, but a common curriculum was provided for various jobs of workers in Korea. It was analyzed that current domestic curriculum is not efficient, and the respondents demand expansion of training including provision of information via web-site as results of questionnaire survey. Therefore, in conclusion, after the shore workers were classified into three groups(on-site worker, office worker, & carrying worker), the customized training program of each group was suggested. Furthermore, this study proposed the regional operation of training course to meet regional demand on education including establishment of on-line curriculums.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.507-514
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• 2013

The Nakdong River being used as drinking water sources for the Busan metropolitan city has the vulnerability of water management due to the fact that industrial areas are located in the upper Nakdong River. This study used emergy analysis method to evaluate ecological-economics of water treatment systems of D water treatment plant (WTP) where located in the downstream of the Nakdong River. The emergy methodology is a system evaluation tool that uses energy as the common currency to compare different resources on a common basis. Emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy sustainability index (EmSI) of D WTP were 1.16 and 0.18, respectively. It means not resources and sustainable system but consumer goods and not sustainable system. Ratio of emergy benefit to the purchaser (EBP) shows 2.7 times higher than economic costs. To change the weak water source and situations we need to diversity water intake.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 1996

A berth assignment problem has a direct impact on assessment of charges made to ships and goods. A berth can be assigned to incoming vessels and operated in tow different ways: as a common user berth, as a preference berth. A common user berth is a berth that any ship calling at a port may be permitted to use according to her time of arrival and to priorities as determined by the port authority. In this paper, we concerned with various types of mathematical programming models for a berth assignment problem to achive an efficient berth operation. In this paper, we focus on a reasonable berth assignment programming in a public container terminal in consideration of trade-off between server and user. We propose a branch and bound algorithm & heuristic algorithm for solving the problem. We suggest three models of berth assignment to minimizing the objective functions such as total port time, total berthing time and maximum berthing time by using a revised Maximum Position Shift(MPS) with which the trade-off between servers and users can be considered. The berth assignment problem is formulated by min-max and 0-1 integer programming and developed heuristic algorithm to solve the problem more easily instead of branch and bound method. Finally, we gave the numerrical solutions of the illustrative examples.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1098-1103
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• 2014

Smartphone is very much ingrained into our lives and it has propagated rapidly. With the growing expansion of smartphone, the number of lost smartphones has proliferated all the while. Unlike common personal belongings, smartphone is a high-priced goods and has personal information. In case it gets lost or stolen, it will cause monetary damage as well as secondary damage of personal information leaks. To lesson the damage, diverse applications that prevent the loss of a smartphone have been developed. But existing applications place emphasis on providing countermeasures that tracks the missing smartphones. Therefore, this paper describes the design and implementation of a smartphone application which provides precautionary functions to prevent the loss of a smartphone and countermeasures to track the missing smartphone. The implemented application prevents the loss of a smartphone using satefy zone and movement detection. In the event we lose a smartphone, it helps us recover a lost property using location tracking and remote control functions quickly and efficiently.