• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.654-662
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• 2017

Extracellular microvesicles are membranous nano-sized cellular organelles secreted by a variety of cells under normal and pathological conditions and heterogeneous in size ranging from 30 nm to $1{\mu}m$. They carry functional microRNAs that can influence immunity and development. For a particular application of microvesicles, choice of isolation method is particularly important; however, their isolation methods from colostrum in particular have not been described clearly. In this work, differential ultracentrifugation as a conventional method, ultracentrifugation with some modification such as additional precipitations, ultrafiltration, sucrose gradient separation and ExoQuick$^{TM}$ as a commercial reagent were compared. The goal was to compare mainly microvesicular total microRNA yield, distribution and purity among the methods then select the best isolation method for bovine colostrum microvesicles based largely on microRNA yield with the view of applying the vesicles in work where vesicular microRNA cargo is the target bioactive component. Highest yields for vesicular microRNA were obtained using conventional methods and among them, subsequent ultracentrifugation with 100,000 g and 135,000 g conventional method 2 was selected as it had the highest RNA to protein ratio indicating that it pelleted the least protein in relation to RNA an important factor for in vivo applications to assess microvesicle functionalities without risk of contaminating non-vesicular biomaterial. Microvesicles isolated using conventional method 2 were successfully internalized by cells in vitro showing their potential to deliver their cargo into cells in vitro and in vivo in case of functional studies.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2012

To produce novel cheese-like fermented soybean, the solid-state fermentation of roasted soybean flour (RSF) was performed using 1.0% inoculum Bacillus subtilis HA and Lactobacillus plantarum, with the initial 60% substrate moisture for 10 hr at $42^{\circ}$, resulting in pH 6.5, 0.82% acidity, 3.5% mucilage, 14.3 unit/g protease activity, 7.6 unit/g fibrinolytic activity, 216 mg% tyrosine content and $1.7{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/g of viable cell counts. After the second lactic acid fermentation with 10~30% skim milk powder, the fermented RSF resulted in an increase in acidity with 1.64~1.99%, tyrosine content with 246~308 mg% and protease activity in the range of 5.2~17.5 unit/g and 0.966 water activity. Viable cell counts as probiotics indicated $1.6{\times}10^8$ CFU/g of B. subtilis and $7.3{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/g of L. plantarum. The firmness of the first fermented RSF with 2,491 $g{\cdot}{\o}mm^{-1}$ greatly decreased to 1,533 $g{\cdot}{\o}mm^{-1}$ in the second fermented RSF, although firmness was slightly increased by adding a higher content of skim milk. The consistency of the second fermented RSF also decreased greatly from 55,640 to 3,264~ 3,998 in the presence of 10~30% skim milk. The effective hydrolysis of soy protein and skim milk protein in the fermented RSF was confirmed. Thus, the second fermented RSF with a sour taste and flavor showed similar textural properties to commercial soft cheese.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1755-1762
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of particle size in total mixed ration (TMR) on performance of lactating cows. Three rumen cannulated Holstein cows were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design for the metabolic experiment. The particle size of the diets was determined using the Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPSS) and weighing the proportion of sample remaining on the top screen (19 mm diameter). The 3 treatments were short, medium or long diets (4.9, 24.2 and 27.8% of sample remaining on the top screen of the PSPSS, respectively). Nine farms in the Edmonton area were surveyed and the farms were placed into groups based on the particle size of the ration fed. The groups were short ${\leq}6%$, medium 7-12% and long ${\geq}13%$ of sample weight remaining on the top screen of the PSPSS. Dry matter intake was greater (p=0.07) for the medium diet than the long diet in the metabolic study and resulted in a higher (p=0.07) efficiency of milk production. On the commercial farms, a significantly (p=0.002) lower milk fat percentage was observed for the long diet compared to the short diet. The results of these studies confirm that forage particle size influences milk composition and milk fat was negatively correlated to TMR particle size.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2020

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a lipid carrier in mammals including humans that consists mainly of polar lipids, like phospholipids and glycolipids. In this study, a process to enrich polar lipids in commercial butter and whey powder, including polar lipids of MFGM, was developed. WPC (whey protein concentrate) 60 was selected as the most suitable raw material based on the yield, phospholipid, protein, and lactose content of the polar lipid fraction obtained by ethanol extraction of two WPC (WPC60 and WPC70) and two buttermilk (A and B). After fractionation under optimum conditions, the polar-lipid enriched fraction from WPC60 contained 38.56% phospholipids. The content of glycolipids, cerebroside, lactosylceramide, ganglioside GM3, ganglioside GD3, was 0.97%, 0.55%, 0.09%, and 0.14%, respectively. Rancimat results showed that the oxidation stability of fish oil increased with an increase in the polar-lipid fraction by more than 30 times. In addition, the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with 0.1 to 100 ppm of the polar lipid fraction. In this study, polar lipid concentrates with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, were prepared from milk processing by-products. The MFGM polar lipid concentrates made from by-products are not only additives for infants, but are also likely to be used as antioxidants in cooking oils and as active ingredients for functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.335-345
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• 1996

The solids(supplementary food) consumption of 200 healthy infants aged from 4 to 6 months have been measured. Five groups were assigned to different feeding patterns. Breastfed group(BF, n=38), formula-fed group(FF, n=102) and mixed-fed group(MF, n=14) were fed breast milk, formula and mixed(breast mile+formula) from birth until 6 months of age respectively. Convert 1 group(C1F, n=14) and convert 2 group(C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2 months of age respectively and were switched to formula thereafter. All infants received solids form 4 months of age. The energy intake from solids at 4 and 6 months averaged 59.1 and 110.3㎉/d among BF groups vs 151.9 and 239.3㎉/d among FF groups respectively. Intakes of protein, calcium and iron were 38-46$\%$, 34-44% and 25-37$\%$ higher in the FF than in the Bf group during the first 6 months. However, no significant differences were found in the intakes of energy and nutrient intakes from solids in all 4 groups excluding BF group(39$\%$). Although BF infant's nutrient intakes from solids were lower than other group's intakes, they intaked evenly solids from various food groups. As the age of infant had increased, the energy intake ratio from solids was cereals and dairy products was increased whereas energy intake ratio from meats, eggs, fruits and vegetables was decreased. TSC4, TSC6(the frequency score for the kinds of weaning food taken) showed no significant difference among 5 feeding groups but CIF-and C2F group's scores tended to be high. Consequently, these results suggest that BF group's solid intake pattern is more desirable and that Korean lactating Mother's dependence on commercial weaning food is too high.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.16.1-16.7
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• 2016

Background: This study was conducted to examine the quality and storage characteristics of yogurt containing antifungal-active lactic acid bacteria (ALH, Lacobacillus sakei ALI033) isolated from kimchi and cinnamon ethanol extract. The starter was used for culture inoculation (1.0 % commercial starter culture YF-L812 and ALH). Results: The antifungal activity of cinnamon extracts was observed in treatments with either cinnamon ethanol extracts or cinnamon methanol extracts. Changes in fermented milk made with ALH and cinnamon extract during fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ were as follows. The pH was 4.6 after only 6 h of fermentation. Titratable acidity values were maintained at 0.8 % in all treatment groups. Viable cell counts were maintained at $4{\times}10^9CFU/mL$ in all groups except for 1.00 % cinnamon treatment. Sensory evaluations of fermented milk sample made with ALH and 0.05 % cinnamon ethanol extract were the highest. Changes in fermented milk made with ALH and cinnamon ethanol extract during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28 days were as follows. In fermented milk containing ALH and cinnamon ethanol extracts, the changes in pH and titratable acidity were moderate and smaller compared with those of the control. Viable cell counts were maintained within a proper range of $10^8CFU/mL$. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the overgrowth of fermentation strains or post acidification during storage can be effectively delayed, thereby maintaining the storage quality of yogurt products in a stable way, using cinnamon ethanol extract, which exhibits excellent antifungal and antibacterial activity, in combination with lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.141-149
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• 1980

In order to determine the residue levels of organochlorine insecticides in cow's milk, 66 commercial milk samples were collected from markets in major cities of Korea and analyzed for their fat contents and pesticide residue levels. The fat contents were in the range of $2.65{\sim}3.87%$, the average being 3.35%. The average residue levels of organochlorine insecticides on fat basis (whole milk basis in parentheses) were 0.196 ppm (0. 0066 ppm) of ${\alpha}-BHC$, 0.159ppm (0.0055 ppm) of ${\beta}-BHC$, 0.066 ppm (0.0022 ppm) of heptachlor epoxide and 0.042ppm (0.0015 ppm) of DDE. Heptachlor, DDT and drin insecticides were not detected. These residue levels corresponding to $1/10{\sim}1/50$ of tolerance levels adopted in Japan appear to exhibit no adverse effect as yet from the standpoint of food safety.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.520-533
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• 2000

We analyzed the PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk samples from a city and an industrial region by HRGC/HRMS. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk were 15.13 TEQ pg/g fat and 5.64 TEQ pg/g fat respectively. We discovered two kinds of homologue distributions. We compared congeners of each distributions with those of the commercial PCBs products. The daily intake of infant was predicted to be 60 TEQpg/kg/day according to the mean concentration of PCDD/Fs based on primipara. This value is much higher than the estimated range for background exposure to adult in the USA (1-3 TEQ pg/g fat).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1343-1347
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations of commercial yoghurts and the ability of dairy starter cultures to produce CLA were investigated. The CLA contents of yoghurts were in the range of 4.1~14.8 mg/l00 g. CLA contents in yoghurts depended on the amount of milk used for raw material. Regression test showed positive correlations between CLA concentrations and selected fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) of lipids in yoghurts. Among the 67 commercial dairy starter cultures tested, one of Lactobacillus acidophilus, one of Lactobacillus casei and three of Streptococcus thermophilus were found to be capable of converting free linloeic acid to CLA and cis-9, trans-11 octadecadienoic acid presented more than 70% of the total CLA formed. The CLA conversion rate of the screened strains ranged from 6.1% to 8.6% in whole milk for 24 hours at 37$^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.908-913
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted in three trials to evaluate optimal ambient temperature for a novel milk replacer feeding system designed for early-weaned pigs, compared to commercial dry diets fed within a conventional hot nursery. A total of 165 PIC genotype pigs were weaned at $13.89{\pm}0.7$ days of age and allotted to one of two dietary treatments in three trials based on weight and litter origin. Each trial consisted of pigs fed dry diets (DD) and pigs fed milk replacer (MR) which was offered in one of 3 different ambient temperatures. Pigs fed milk replacer were housed in a specialized nursery building in which one half of each pen contained an enclosed hover that was thermostatically maintained at $32^{\circ}C$ while the exterior ambient temperature (where milk was fed) was set at either 17 (trial 1), 24 (trial 2) or $32^{\circ}C$ (trial 3). Pigs fed dry diets with the conventional nursery were maintained at $30^{\circ}C$ for each trial. From d 21 to d 49, all pigs were fed DD within a standardized hot nursery environment. During the first week (d 14-21), pigs fed MR showed increased ADG from 214% to 228% over control pigs fed DD (p<0.001), regardless of ambient temperature. As ambient temperature was increased from 17 to 24 to $32^{\circ}C$, ADG of MR-fed pigs was increased by 214%, 220% and 228% over those of pigs fed DD, respectively. ADFIs of MR-fed pigs at $17^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $32^{\circ}C$ compared with pigs fed DD were increased by 108%, 139% and 164% from d 14 to d 21, respectively. Fed efficiency (G/F) of MR-fed pigs at $17^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $32^{\circ}C$ compared with pigs fed DD were 199%, 162% and 139% of those of pigs fed DD, respectively. As ambient temperature increased, diarrhea scores showed a slight tendency to increase. The advantage of MR feeding was greater when the ambient temperature was higher, but G/F was impaired with increased ambient temperature. We conclude that ambient temperature within the specialized nursery influenced behavior, MR feed intake, and probably piglet energy expenditure. There were no differences between MR-fed and DD-fed pigs for ADG, ADFI and G/F in the subsequent growth period (d 21 to d 49, p>0.05). Maximal advantage of MR feeding was obtained at the intermediate ($24^{\circ}C$) ambient temperature during the overall period (p<0.05). Results from this experiment indicate that a milk replacer feeding system utilized in the early postweaning period can maximize pig growth performance, and that ADG, ADFI and G/F were affected by different ambient temperatures within MR-fed pigs. The high or low temperatures could not support the maximal growth of pigs fed MR.