• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.4 s.17
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• pp.9-27
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• 1998

The urban form of Korean cities significantly changed in the late Chosun dynasty. The influence of commercial development was the main cause of these changes. Commerce became a important function of existing cities, and the new type of commercial towns emerged at the important spots of traffic routes. In both cases streets became dominant element of urban form. Mainly commercial buildings aggregated along the streets, and to obtain higher land use intensity shape of lots became narrow and deep. Koyang(高陽) shows the most significant example of this new type of lot and lot pattern. Approximately 30 narrow and deep type of lots lined on each side of street forming about 390 meters long linear commercial town. Similar examples were found at the outside of south gate of Suwon(水原), Nuwon(樓院), and Pangyo(板橋).

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.119-135
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• 2018

Currently, Korean firms are making a lot of effort to invest in research and development (R&D) by spending a lot of development costs in order to cope with the 4th industrial revolution. On the other hand, the capital market of Korea, which is the main source of funding, has caused a lot of cost of capital for firms by its reorganization mainly with safe assets in the experience of foreign exchange crisis at the end of 1997, the sub-prime mortgage crisis in 2007 and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Thus, this study empirically analyzed the effect of development expenses on credit rating and firm value. The credit rating was measured by commercial paper(CP) credit rating which is sensitive for investors in terms of risk because it is issued only by the credit of the firms. Firm value was defined as Tobin's Q, which has been widely used in prior studies. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows; Firstly, development expenses did not affect credit rating. Development expenses are recognized as intangible assets for uncertainty of economic benefits and long-term investment. Thus, it seems that there is no effect of development expenses on CP credit rating as CP credit rating is evaluated by short-term credit rating.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of space utilization and the problems that follows after converting in a new developmental residential area. This study used the content-analysis method and analysis was made on the floor plans for 95 different conversion cases. Above all, 190 unit plans (the unit plans for conversion before and after) were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows; 1) There were 8 types of conversion according to such usages as residential, commercial and residential-commercial buildings. 2) In the case of conversions, from residential to commercial, there was a tendency each floor was integrated to exclusive use for commercial or commercial with small portions of residential usage. And in the case of conversions from commercial to residential, there was a tendency that all space of each floor were changed to exclusive usages for residential purposes. 3) In case of usage conversion from commercial to residential, there were constraints for balcony installation, because of its original lot-structure and building equipments. Also, when the basement was converted for residential purpose, there was no possibility for an extra lighting or ways to ventilate the area.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.66-74
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• 2008

A form of consumption has been changed to a form of pursuing rather qualitative sides than quantitative sides according to an improvement of the living level followed by an increase in national income and to an increase in women's advance to society in modern society. The above change had a lot of effects on children play space, a subsidiary means within commercial facilities. However, partial children play facilities have steady children injury cases by a lack of safety management facilities. Therefore, the study investigated indoor children play facilities installed in large-scale distribution stores as department stores and discount stores out of commercial facilities in Seoul. The study investigated actual conditions and collected picture data with a checklist drawn up on the basis of the safety management standard for three months from April, 2008 to June, 2008 by visiting five places under cooperation. The purpose of the study was to grasp actual conditions of safety management of play space within commercial facilities through the contents and picture data of the investigated checklist and to offer basic data in the side of safety management of commercial facilities and various indoor children play spaces by proposing security measures for the problems.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out the commercialization characteristics of 2nd class residential district in innercity railway station area as basic research to protect urban residential area against the pressure of commercialization. Through the research that are based on literature, field survey and urban planning map, it analysed the commercialization characteristic of selected three sites under similar urban condition; to be a nearby subway station and to be a famous commercial street in site, etc. The consequences of this study are summarized as follows; First it finds the commercialized lots in all blocks that adjoin blocks of upper class zoning. Second it is in inverse proportion between the commercialization of lots and the distance from subway station to residential block. Third, the corner lot of a block and the access road directly connected collector road are very important factors to spread commercialization to residential area. Finally, it finds the difference of the commercialization degree of 2nd class residential zone according to arrange main commercial street and the 2nd class residential block; vertical arrangement and horizontal arrangement.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.35-43
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• 2014

The automobile industry requires technological innovations to reduce fuel consumption with the public interest in environmental conservation in recent years. Thus, the hybrid system is applied not only to passenger cars but also commercial vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to develop engine ECU_ILS to develop commercial hybrid vehicles. In order to develop the engine and vehicle, the dynamometer and exhaust gas analyzer is needed. However, a lot of time and cost are required. In contrast, the model-based development environment that can be applied to a variety of test conditions can reduce development time. Therefore, a HILS system environment that can consider the behavior of actual vehicles for evaluation of the control logic, fuel consumption and exhaust gas is required. This engine ECU_ILS system was developed in this study, can analyze parameter such as the fuel injection rate, fuel injection time, fuel consumption and exhaust gas like the actual vehicle test using map data. Also, this system is expected to be able to analyze the characteristic of vehicle behavior and the development of peripheral device in relation to engine and vehicles. This HILS system can be used to develop control strategies of commercial hybrid vehicle systems in the future.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.217-231
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• 1998

The purpose of this paper is to research the locational characteristics of commercial land use. So this study deals with the realation between land use pattern and the factors which influence commercial land use. To perform this purpose we choose Apgujung-Dong as a case study area which is specially characterized as fashion street. Commercial facilities are spreading into the inner residential areas in Apgujung-Dong. To raise the efficency accuracy of research, informations of lands and buildings are analysed with EXCEL, ARC/INFO, SPSS The results are : (1) The characteristics of lots and buildings in Apgujung-Dong are different in kinds of commercial facilities. (2) The floor where commercial facilities are to locate varies with functions. (3) Commercial land use pattern is influenced by lot size, building size and story, accessibility, adjacent land use, etc. (4) QS is a useful tool in relation with urban land use analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2011

Inkjet printhead may have a lot of nozzles to increase productivity as a manufacturing tool. So, the uniformity of jetting performance among a lot of nozzles has been one of the key issues in inkjet technology In this study, we investigated the cross-talk effect which should be reduced for uniform jetting performance among a lot of nozzles. Due to the cross-talk, the jetting performance of a nozzle can be affected when neighboring nozzles are firing. For experimental study, we used commercial inkjet head SE-128 from Dimatix. To understand the cross-talk effect of SE-128 head, we measured the change in jetting speed of a nozzle when neighboring nozzles are jetting. The measured jetting speed was compared to the case of one nozzle jetting. Also, we used laser vibrometer to measure change in pressure wave due to cross-talk. As a result of the cross-talk, the jetting speed can become faster or sometimes slower depending on firing nozzle location. If the all nozzle are jetting, the jetting speed of a nozzle became slower because the pressure wave for jetting is reduced.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2002

Numerical estimation for concentration of mono-carbon oxygen (CO) gas inside an underground parking lot with auxiliary jet fans for enhancement of ventilation is carried out by using a commercial program. Main interest lies on the diagnosis of the present ventilation system including position and selection of auxiliarly fans in addition to main suppliers and exhausts. Details of both flows and concentration of CO gas that is most important component among car exhaust gases are illustrated in this investigation and those are presented for engineering construction of an underground parking pool. Prediction data of computational work is also validated by real measurements of concentration of CO gas.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 1986

Total 29 commercial crucifer seed lots were tested for seed transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by seed washing liquid plating assay. One imported cabbage seed lot was found to carry Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Several methods and chemicals for eradication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in and on the cabbage seed were tested for effectiveness. Soaking cabbage seed in $3\3%$ hydrogen peroxide solution for 30 minutes effectively eradicated Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in a naturally infested seed lot. In a field survey, black rot turned out to be an important disease in cabbage in Korea.