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Removal Properties of Methylene Blue using Biochar Prepared from Street Tree Pruning Branches and Household Wood Waste (가로수 전정가지 및 생활계 폐목재를 이용하여 제조한 바이오차의 Methylene Blue 흡착특성)

  • Do, Ji-Young;Kim, Dong-Su;Park, Kyung-Chul;Park, Sam-Bae;Chang, Yoon-Young;Yang, Jae-Kyu
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.13-22
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    • 2022
  • In order to improve water quality of the water system contaminated with dyes, biochars prepared using discarded waste resources were applied in this study. Biochars with a large specific surface area were manufactured using street tree pruning products or waste wood, and were applied to remove an organic dye in synthetic water. Biochars were made by pyrolysis of typical street tree porch products (Platanas, Ginkgo, Aak) and waste wood under air-controlled conditions. Methylene blue (MB), which is widely used in phosphofibers, paper, leather, and cotton media, was selected in this study. The adsorption capacity of Platanas for MB was the highest and the qmax value obtained using the Langmuir model equation was 78.47 mg/g. In addition, the adsorption energy (E) (kJ/mol) of MB using the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model equation was 4.891 kJ/mol which was less than 8 kJ/mol (a criteria distinguishing physical adsorption from chemical adsorption). This result suggests a physical adsorption with weak interactions such as van der Waals force between the biochar and MB. In addition, the physical adsorption may resulted from that Platanas-based biohar has the largest specific surface area and pore volume. The ∆G value obtained through the adsorption experiment according to temperature variation was -3.67 to -7.68, which also suggests a physical adsorption. Considering these adsorption results, the adsorption of MB onto Platanas-based biochar seems to occur through physical adsorption. Overall, it was possible to suggest that adsorption capacity of the biochr prepared from this study was equal to or greater than that of commercial activated carbon reported in other studies.

Application of Support Vector Regression for Improving the Performance of the Emotion Prediction Model (감정예측모형의 성과개선을 위한 Support Vector Regression 응용)

  • Kim, Seongjin;Ryoo, Eunchung;Jung, Min Kyu;Kim, Jae Kyeong;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.185-202
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    • 2012
  • .Since the value of information has been realized in the information society, the usage and collection of information has become important. A facial expression that contains thousands of information as an artistic painting can be described in thousands of words. Followed by the idea, there has recently been a number of attempts to provide customers and companies with an intelligent service, which enables the perception of human emotions through one's facial expressions. For example, MIT Media Lab, the leading organization in this research area, has developed the human emotion prediction model, and has applied their studies to the commercial business. In the academic area, a number of the conventional methods such as Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) or Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been applied to predict human emotion in prior studies. However, MRA is generally criticized because of its low prediction accuracy. This is inevitable since MRA can only explain the linear relationship between the dependent variables and the independent variable. To mitigate the limitations of MRA, some studies like Jung and Kim (2012) have used ANN as the alternative, and they reported that ANN generated more accurate prediction than the statistical methods like MRA. However, it has also been criticized due to over fitting and the difficulty of the network design (e.g. setting the number of the layers and the number of the nodes in the hidden layers). Under this background, we propose a novel model using Support Vector Regression (SVR) in order to increase the prediction accuracy. SVR is an extensive version of Support Vector Machine (SVM) designated to solve the regression problems. The model produced by SVR only depends on a subset of the training data, because the cost function for building the model ignores any training data that is close (within a threshold ${\varepsilon}$) to the model prediction. Using SVR, we tried to build a model that can measure the level of arousal and valence from the facial features. To validate the usefulness of the proposed model, we collected the data of facial reactions when providing appropriate visual stimulating contents, and extracted the features from the data. Next, the steps of the preprocessing were taken to choose statistically significant variables. In total, 297 cases were used for the experiment. As the comparative models, we also applied MRA and ANN to the same data set. For SVR, we adopted '${\varepsilon}$-insensitive loss function', and 'grid search' technique to find the optimal values of the parameters like C, d, ${\sigma}^2$, and ${\varepsilon}$. In the case of ANN, we adopted a standard three-layer backpropagation network, which has a single hidden layer. The learning rate and momentum rate of ANN were set to 10%, and we used sigmoid function as the transfer function of hidden and output nodes. We performed the experiments repeatedly by varying the number of nodes in the hidden layer to n/2, n, 3n/2, and 2n, where n is the number of the input variables. The stopping condition for ANN was set to 50,000 learning events. And, we used MAE (Mean Absolute Error) as the measure for performance comparison. From the experiment, we found that SVR achieved the highest prediction accuracy for the hold-out data set compared to MRA and ANN. Regardless of the target variables (the level of arousal, or the level of positive / negative valence), SVR showed the best performance for the hold-out data set. ANN also outperformed MRA, however, it showed the considerably lower prediction accuracy than SVR for both target variables. The findings of our research are expected to be useful to the researchers or practitioners who are willing to build the models for recognizing human emotions.

Genetic Effects of Molecular Markers Related to Carcass Traits in Hanwoo Cattle (한우 도체형질 관련 분자표지의 유전적 효과)

  • Shin, Sung-Chul;Chung, Eui-Ryong
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.230-238
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    • 2020
  • Carcass traits are the most economically important traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Recently, the development of the field of genomics has made it possible to identify DNA markers for the genetic evaluation of carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers related to carcass traits by field evaluations in a commercial Hanwoo population. We evaluated 15 SNP markers (TG g.371T>C, APM1 g.1454G>A, FABP4 g.2834C>G, FABP4 g.3533T>A, FABP4 g.3691G>A, SCD g.10153A>G, SCD g.10329T >C, CPE g.601T>C, EDG1 g.166A>G, NPY g.4271T>C, GPD1 g.2766C>T, PDE1B g.17122A>G, PDE1B g.17507A>C, TNNT1 g.6650C>T, and RORC g.20152A>G) related to carcass traits in Hanwoo. Genotyping of these SNP markers was performed using PCR-RFLP analysis in Hanwoo steers (n = 1,536) to evaluate their association with carcass traits. Seven SNPs, APM1 g.1454G>, FABP4 g.3691G>A, SCD g.10153A>G, CPE g.601T>C, PDE1B g.17122A>G, TNNT1 g.6650C>T, and RORC g.20152A>G, were significantly associated with carcass traits such as marbling score (MS), backfat thickness (BF), musculus longissimus dorsi area (LDA), carcass weight (CW), meat grade (MG), meat color (MC), and maturity score (MA). The results suggest that these SNPs may be used as DNA markers for the selection of Hanwoo with higher meat quality.

Consideration on coexistence strategy of GM with non-GM, environmentally friend crops in South Korea (GM과 non-GM, 친환경작물의 공존을 위한 제도 보완의 필요성)

  • Lee, Shin-Woo
    • Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.245-256
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    • 2008
  • The current legislation in South Korea clearly states that the tolerance threshold on the adventitious presence of GMO in environment-friendly agricultural products is 3.0% and no GM seed should be detected in their planting seed batches. To date, in Korea, there is no approved GM crop for commercial cultivation in field. However, several GM crops including rice, Chinese cabbage, potato and wild turf grass are currently under risk assessment for their environmental release. Also Korean government (Rural Development Administration, RDA) announced that 11 institutes including universities have been currently certified to carry out a risk assessment of GM crops. Meanwhile, the cultivated area and certified quantities of environment-friendly crops (organic, pesticide-free and low-pesticide) are sharply increasing every year according to the report of National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS). In detail, in 2007, the certified quantities of environment-friendly agricultural products were elevated up to 100-fold for organic, 171-fold for pesticide-free and 2,324-fold for low-pesticide crops when compared with those in 1999. The total certified quantity of environment-friendly cereal crops in 2007 was equivalent to 6.4% of total production of cereal crops. Moreover, 24% of total production of root and tuber crops such as potato and sweet potato were certified for environment-friendly agricultural products. In these circumstances, I strongly suggest that current legislations on GM crop's safety management should be revised to include strategies for the coexistence of GM with non-GM crops, especially environment-friendly crops before GM crop is approved to be cultivated for commercialization. Since all types of crops are grown in an open environment, the adventitious presence of GM crops among non-GM crops is inevitable if appropriate measures for coexistence are not established for species by species such as isolation distance, workable management measures to minimize admixture.

The Society Page of Newspaper of the colonized Korea, its politics of sentiment and modulation of social facts (식민지 신문 '사회면'의 감정정치 -사회적 사실들의 정치적 서사화)

  • Yoo, Sun Young
    • Korean journal of communication and information
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    • v.67
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    • pp.177-208
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    • 2014
  • This study inquires how human interest news on society section of newspapers had been modulated as multi-layered political narratives that would consistently have Koreans consider, realize and question on colonial situation as well as ethnic identity. Under totalitarian censorship of the colonial government, newspapers could not publish reports on political issues and current affairs, so society page of human interest such as crime, accident, conflict, disaster, and many kinds of sufferings of peoples to death would take great public attention and consequently be considered as a substitute of political section. Society page had enjoyed its influence on formation of public opinion of the colonized ethnic society and had maintained cultural-nationalist position ever since the founding of newspaper in mother-tongue in 1920. In colonial context, there is nothing non-political to the lives of the colonized, social facts would be necessary and happen to be modulated into a narrative that could trigger nationalist sentiment. For this end, news reporting of society section usually concentrated on aspects of 'Les Mis${\acute{e}}$rqbles', dramatic quality, and psychological factors in detail. Narrative style of news reporting got used to modulate factual informations with a proper taste of exaggeration, emotional expression, and commercial touch of exciting words. Even in a case of death by drug abuse, news was written to indicate what made him/her drive to miserable death on street, that is, what is de facto reason of all of social problems like as migration, hunger, leaving home, crime, suicide, violence, gambling, love affairs to death, adultery, and even opium habit. Those social problems and personal sufferings appeared up on newspaper 3rd page at daily base. Readers could acknowledge and identify what the real matter that should be resolved and then blame colonialism, capitalism, and militarism for those social problems. Journalists put values on inciting the colonized to realize the national and ethnic situation and feel sympathy for their people tied up by a common destiny. In this terms, news on society section of newspaper under Colonial Occupation were encoded as narratives of politically layered text and then decoded as intriguing sentiments against colonial dominance. I argue that society page of newspaper of colonial period engaged in a sort of cultural politics of sentiment and emotion which is a private area outside of imperial sight.

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Effect of Fertilizer and Organic Matter Level on Marketable Tuber Production in Chinese Yam (Dioscorea opposita) (마(산약) 생산을 위한 시비법 개선연구)

  • Shin, Jong-Hee;Kim, Sang-Kuk;Kang, Dong-Kyoon;Park, Sang-Zo
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.59 no.2
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    • pp.144-150
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    • 2014
  • Yams (Dioscorea spp), which are edible or medicinal tuber crops, are a important crop in South Korea. Yams require a high level of soil fertility. The various cultural practices such as fertilizing and plowing were tested for marketable tuber production in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita). Tuber yield was also affected by organic matters in soil. Application higher level of organic matters result in increased each tuber weight and tuber yield per unit area. The nutrient absorption quantity of the plant such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid, calcium and potassium was increased from 100~120 days after planting, which time to begin tuber enlargement. The tuber yield was increased when the fertilization increased in quantity. Total yield and marketable ratio were the highest in 31~32 kg/10a of nitrogen fertilizer. From above result, income become larger with increase of marketable yield and quality improvement at 63% (27 kg/10a) level of conventional N fertilization (43 kg/10a). The tuber yield was not significantly different between with in various application level of potash fertilizer. Tuber size and weight decreased accordingly to decreased fertilizing level, so the rates of small tubers increased greatly at cultivation without chemical fertilizer. In considering the accumulation rates of allantoin in Chinese yam tubers, the apt harvest season was after October. The allantoin quantity of it was not influenced with nitrogen fertilizing. Moreover it was advantageous with decrease of chemical fertilizer and appropriate fertilizing in soil environment protection. Commercial tuber's number and yield were increased in trenching before planting with trencher compared with rotavating with tractor.

Geological Characteristics of Extra Heavy Oil Reservoirs in Venezuela (베네주엘라 초중질유 저류층 지질 특성)

  • Kim, Dae-Suk;Kwon, Yi-Kyun;Chang, Chan-Dong
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.83-94
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    • 2011
  • Extra heavy oil reservoirs are distributed over the world but most of them is deposited in the northern part of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, in the area of 5,500 $km^2$, This region, which has been commonly called "the Orinoco Oil Belt", contains estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of original oil-in-place and 250 billion barrels of established reserves. The Venezuela extra heavy oil has an API gravity of less than 10 degree and in situ viscosity of 5,000 cP at reservoir condition. Although the presence of extra heavy oil in the Orinoco Oil Belt has been initially reported in the 1930's, the commercial development using in situ cold production started in the 1990's. The Orinoco heavy oil deposits are clustered into 4 development areas, Boyaco, Junin, Ayachoco, and Carabobo respectively, and they are subdivided into totally 31 production blocks. Nowadays, PDVSA (Petr$\'{o}$leos de Venzuela, S.A.) makes a development of each production block with the international oil companies from more than 20 countries forming a international joint-venture company. The Eastern Venezuela Basin, the Orinoco Oil Belt is included in, is one of the major oil-bearing sedimentary basins in Venezuela and is first formed as a passive margin basin by the Jurassic tectonic plate motion. The major source rock of heavy oil is the late Cretaceous calcareous shale in the central Eastern Venezuela Basin. Hydrocarbon materials migrated an average of 150 km up dip to the southern margin of the basin. During the migration, lighter fractions in the hydrocarbon were removed by biodegradation and the oil changed into heavy and/or extra heavy oil. Miocene Oficina Formation, the main extra heavy oil reservoir, is the unconsolidated sand and shale alternation formed in fluvial-estuarine environment and also has irregularly a large number of the Cenozoic faults induced by basin subsidence and tectonics. Because Oficina Formation has not only complex lithology distribution but also irregular geology structure, geological evolution and characteristics of the reservoirs have to be determined for economical production well design and effective oil recovery. This study introduces geological formation and evolution of the Venezuela extra heavy oil reservoirs and suggest their significant geological characteristics which are (1) thickness and geometry of reservoir pay sands, (2) continuity and thickness of mud beds, (3) geometry of faults, (4) depth and geothermal character of reservoir, (5) in-situ stress field of reservoir, and (6) chemical composition of extra heavy oil. Newly developed exploration techniques, such as 3-D seismic survey and LWD (logging while drilling), can be expected as powerful methods to recognize the geological reservoir characteristics in the Orinoco Oil Belt.

The Profile of Milling Plants in Korea (우리나라 양곡가공공장의 현황분석)

  • 정창주;금동혁;강화석
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.47-63
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    • 1978
  • This study was conducted to obtain a basic information necessary to assess present rice milling technology in Korea The profiles for milling plants was analyzed by survey work.For the private custom-work mills, which process about 80 percent of domestic rice consumption ,their actual milling test for the identical samples as used for filed mills was conducted. Two rice varieties Japonica and Tongil-type were associated with the experiments. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Analyses for private custom-work mills showed their general aspects as; about 91 percent of the mills belonged to an individual owner ship ; more than 93 percent of the mills was established earlier than 1950 ; about 80 percent of the mills was powered with electric motor; mills having less than two employees were about 75 percent; about 45 percent of the mills provided for warehouse in storing customers cereal grains. 2. The polishers installed in 1,255mills within the surveyed area (7 counties) have been supplied by 44 different domestic manufacturers ;in but about 60 percent of which was supplied by 6major manufacturers. The polishers could be classified into two categories in terms of principles of their polishing actions ;jet-pearler and friction types. About 51 percent of the mills was equipped with the former which has been recognized as giving greater milling recovery than the friction types. 3. Reason for owners of private mills to supplement new machines was due mainly to pgrading their mills to meet the requirements that established by the Government. However, about 60 percent of the mill owners intended to replace with new pearler by their own needs to meet with new high yielding varieties. 4. Processing systems of each previate rice mills surveyed could be classified into three categories, depending upon whether the systems posessed such components as precleaner and paddy separator or not. Only 36.7 percent of mills was installed with both precleanr ad paddy seperrator, 5.0 percent of mills did have neither percleaner nor paddy seperator, and rest of them equipped only one of the two. Hence,it is needed for about 63% of rice miils to be supplemented with these basic facilities to meet with the requirements for the standaized system. 5. Actual milling capacity measured at each field rice mills was shown a wide variation, having range from about 190 to 1,210 kg/hr. The percentages of mills classified according to daily milling capacity based on this hourly capacity were 24.3% for the capacity less than 3 M/T a day; 20.0% for 3-4 M/T; 15.6% for 4-5 M/T; 6.7% for 5-6 M/T; 22.3% for 6-7 M/T; and 11.0% for more than 7 M/T a day. 6. Actual amount of rice processed was about 310 M/T a year in average. About 42% of total milled rice was processed during October to Decembear, which formed a peak demand period for rice mills. The amount of rice milled during January to May was relatively small, but it had still a large amount compared to that during June to September. 7. Utilization rate of milling facility, i. e., percentage of the actual amount of milled rice to the capacity of rice mills, was about 18% on the year round average, about 41% in the peak demand season, and about 10% during June to September. Average number of operating days for mills surveyed was about 250 days a year, and about 21 days a month. 8. Moisture contents of paddy at the time of field mill tests were ranged 14.5% to 19.5% for both Japonica and Tong-i] varieties, majority of paddy grains having moisture level much higher than 1530. To aviod potential reduction of milling recovery while milling and deterioration of milled rice while storage due to these high grain mJisture contents, it may be very important for farmers holding rice to dry by an artificial drying method. 9. Milling recovery of JapJnica varieties in rice mills was 75.0% in average and it was widely ranged from 69.0% to 78.0 % according to mills. Potential increase in milJing recovery of Japonica variety with improvement of mill facilities was estimated to about 1.9%. On the other hand, milling recovery of Tong-il varieties in the field mill tests was 69.8% in average and it ranged from 62% to 77 %, which is much wider than that of Japonica varieties. It is noticed that the average milling recovery of Tong-il variety of 69.8% was much less than that of the Japonica-type. It was estimated th3.t up to about 5.0% of milling recovery for Tong-il variety could be improved by improving the present lo'.ver graded milling technology. 10. Head rice recoveries, as a factor of representing the quality of commercial goods, of Japonica and Tong-il varieties were 65.9% and 53.8% in average, and they were widely ranged from 52% to 73% and from 44% to 65% , respectively. It was assessed that head rice recovery of Japonica varieties can be improved up 3.3% and that of Tong-il varieties by 7.0% by improving mill components and systems.

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Development of an Efficient Screening System for Resistance of Watermelon Plants to Didymella bryoniae (수박 덩굴마름병에 대한 효율적인 저항성 검정 방법 개발)

  • Lee, Ji Hyun;Jang, Kyoung Soo;Choi, Yong Ho;Kim, Jin-Cheol;Choi, Gyung Ja
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.72-80
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    • 2016
  • Gummy stem blight, caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae, is major disease of watermelons worldwide. The objective of the present study was to establish an efficient screening system to identify watermelon resistant to D. bryoniae. An GSB3 isolate was prepared from a watermelon plant showing typical symptoms of gummy stem blight in Haman-gun and identified as D. bryoniae based on molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequence. A simple mass-production technique of inoculum was developed based on spore production of D. bryoniae GSB3 under several incubation conditions and their virulence on watermelon plants. Resistance degrees of 22 commercial watermelon cultivars to the GSB3 isolate were evaluated. Among them, four watermelon cultivars showing different degree of resistance response were selected for further study. Development of disease on the cultivars according to various conditions including inoculum concentrations, incubation periods in dew chamber, and incubation temperatures was investigated. From the results, we suggest an efficient screening method for resistant watermelon cultivars to gummy stem blight. Seeds of watermelon cultivar are sown and grown in a greenhouse until plant stage of 2-fully expanded leaves. Seedlings are inoculated with D. bryoniae by spraying spore suspension of the fungus at a concentration of $5.0{\times}10^5spores/ml$. The infected plants are incubated in humidity chamber at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours and then transferred to a growth chamber at $25^{\circ}C$ and 80% relative humidity with 12-hour light a day. Three to four days after inoculation, disease severity of the plant are measured using percentage of infected leaf area.

Virus Disease Incidences and Transmission Ecology of Oriental Melons in Seongju Area (성주지역 참외 바이러스병의 발생실태와 전염생태)

  • Park, Seok-Jin;Lee, Joong-Hwan;Nam, Moon;Park, Chung-Youl;Kim, Jeong-Seon;Lee, Joo-Hee;Jun, Eun-Suk;Lee, Jun-Seong;Choi, Hong-Soo;Kim, Jeong-Soo;Moon, Jae-Sun;Kim, Hong-Gi;Lee, Su-Heon
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.342-350
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    • 2011
  • Throughout the years 2008 to 2010, we analyzed approximately two thousand oriental melon samples collected from Seongju, using electron microscopy and testing by RT-PCR using primers specific for eight cucurbit-infecting viruses. Data from RT-PCR indicated that Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV2) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were present and the other viruses were not detected. Among them, CGMMV and WMV2 were the most prevalent pathogens. CGMMV was thought to infect oriental melon from the early growing season, and reached nearly 100% in the later of growing period. Otherwise, WMV2 emerged from June, several months later compared to CGMMV. CGMMV was detected from all aerial parts of the oriental melon including seeds, but not from the roots of the grafted pumpkin rootstock. Seed of two out of five commercial varieties were shown to be CGMMV positive. Nine varieties of pumpkins used as rootstocks were not infected with CGMMV. When the seedlings of grafted oriental melon were transplanted into pots mixed with the oriental melon debris infected with CGMMV, they were not infected by CGMMV. Cutting of pruning shear and the contact of tendrils contributed 48% and 30% to the transmission of the virus, respectively.