• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.459-469
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• 2020

An external prestressed steel-bar truss unit was developed as a new strengthening technology to enhance the seismic performance of an in-plane masonry wall structure while taking advantage of the benefits of a prestressed system. The presented method consists of six steel bars: two prestressed vertical bars to introduce a prestressing force on the masonry wall, two diagonal bars to resist shear deformation, and two horizontal bars to maintain the configuration. To evaluate the effects of this new technique, four full-scale specimens, including a control specimen, were tested under combined loadings that included constant-gravity axial loads and cyclic lateral loads. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of the shear strength, initial stiffness, dissipated energy, and strain history. The efficiency of the external prestressed steel-bar truss unit was validated. In particular, a retrofitted specimen with an axial load level of 0.024 exhibited a more stable post behavior and higher energy dissipation than a control specimen with an observed complete sliding failure. The four vertical bars of the adjacent retrofitting units created a virtual column, and their strain values did not change until they reached the peak shear strength. The shear capacity of the masonry wall structure with external prestressed steel-bar truss units could be predicted using the model suggested by Yang et al.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제77권1호
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• pp.57-74
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• 2021

The thermal eigenvalue responses of the graded sandwich shell structure are evaluated numerically under the variable thermal loadings considering the temperature-dependent properties. The polynomial type rule-based sandwich panel model is derived using higher-order type kinematics considering the shear deformation in the framework of the equivalent single-layer theory. The frequency values are computed through an own home-made computer code (MATLAB environment) prepared using the finite element type higher-order formulation. The sandwich face-sheets and the metal core are discretized via isoparametric quadrilateral Lagrangian element. The model convergence is checked by solving the similar type published numerical examples in the open domain and extended for the comparison of natural frequencies to have the final confirmation of the model accuracy. Also, the influence of each variable structural parameter, i.e. the curvature ratios, core-face thickness ratios, end-support conditions, the power-law indices and sandwich types (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) on the thermal frequencies of FG sandwich curved shell panel model. The solutions are helping to bring out the necessary influence of one or more parameters on the frequencies. The effects of individual and the combined parameters as well as the temperature profiles (uniform, linear and nonlinear) are examined through several numerical examples, which affect the structural strength/stiffness values. The present study may help in designing the future graded structures which are under the influence of the variable temperature loading.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.123-138
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• 2022

Present study computes the ultimate bearing capacity of an embedded strip footing situated on the rock slope subjected to seismic loading. Influences of embedment depth of strip footing, horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient, rock slope angle, Geological Strength Index, normalized uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass, disturbance factor, and Hoek-Brown material constant are studied in detail. To perform the analysis, the lower bound finite element limit analysis method in combination with the semidefinite programming is utilized. From the results of the present study, it can be found that the magnitude of the bearing capacity factor reduces quite substantially with an increment in the seismic loading. In addition, with the increment in slope angle, further reduction in the value of the bearing capacity factor is observed. On the other hand, with an increment in the embedment depth, an increment in the value of the bearing capacity factor is found. Stress contours are presented to describe the combined failure mechanism of the footing-rock slope system in the presence of static as well as seismic loadings for the different embedment depths.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.263-278
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• 2022

The time-varying structural reliability of an aeroelastic launch vehicle subjected to stochastic parameters is investigated. The launch vehicle structure is under the combined action of several stochastic loads that include aerodynamics, thrust as well as internal combustion pressure. The launch vehicle's main body structural flexibility is modeled via the normal mode shapes of a free-free Euler beam, where the aerodynamic loadings on the vehicle are due to force on each incremental section of the vehicle. The rigid and elastic coupled nonlinear equations of motion are derived following the Lagrangian approach that results in a complete aeroelastic simulation for the prediction of the instantaneous launch vehicle rigid-body motion as well as the body elastic deformations. Reliability analysis has been performed based on two distinct limit state functions, defined as the maximum launch vehicle tip elastic deformation and also the maximum allowable stress occurring along the launch vehicle total length. In this fashion, the time-dependent reliability problem can be converted into an equivalent time-invariant reliability problem. Subsequently, the first-order reliability method, as well as the Monte Carlo simulation schemes, are employed to determine and verify the aeroelastic launch vehicle dynamic failure probability for a given flight time.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.139-150
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• 2022

This paper presents sets of explicit analytical equations that compute the static displacements of nanobeams by adopting the nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen within the framework of Euler Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories. Castigliano's theorem is applied to an equivalent Virtual Local Beam (VLB) made up of linear elastic material to compute the displacements. The first derivative of the complementary energy of the VLB with respect to a virtual point load provides displacements. The displacements of the VLB are assumed equal to those of the nonlocal beam if nonlocal effects are superposed as additional stress resultants on the VLB. The illustrative equations of displacements are relevant to a few types of loadings combined with a few common boundary conditions. Several equations of displacements, thus derived, matched precisely in similar cases with the equations obtained by other analytical methods found in the literature. Furthermore, magnitudes of maximum displacements are also in excellent agreement with those computed by other numerical methods. These validated the superposition of nonlocal effects on the VLB and the accuracy of the derived equations.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권5호
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• pp.435-446
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• 2024

The use of cold-formed steel members is increasing day by day, especially in regions where earthquake effects are intensively experienced. Among cold-formed steel members (CFS), "channel" members are used more than other crosssectional members, especially in buildings or industrial structures. In recent years, several studies have been carried out on the axial load and flexural performance of these members under monotonic loading. In this study, CFS beam-column members were cyclically and monotonically loaded under combined axial load and biaxial bending moments, and their buckling behavior, load bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption capacity were determined. For this purpose, monotonic and cyclic loading experiments were carried out on 30 CFS channel members at 15 different eccentricities. Then, material properties were determined by axial monotonic tensile and very low cycle fatigue tests for use in numerical studies. From the experimental results, the buckling modes, bearing capacities, ductility, stiffness, and energy absorption capacities of the members were obtained. The characteristics of the members were compared according to the stress state of the lips. According to the data obtained from the displacement transducer placed on the lips and on the back of the web, information about the buckling mode and curvature of the members was obtained. Finally, monotonic, and cyclic loading results were compared to determine the differences in the buckling behavior of the members.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.405-415
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• 2006

건조기 때의 합류식 관거 내 고형물의 퇴적으로 인해 통수능이 감소하여 여름철 장마시 국지적인 침수가 발생하며 이로 인해 관거 내 퇴적을 더욱 초래할 수가 있다. 또한 관거 시스템에 퇴적된 고형물로 인해 우기시 'first-flush' 현상을 초래하기도 한다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 장기간에 걸친 관거 내 고형물 퇴적량을 관측할 필요가 있으나 많은 비용과 노력이 수반되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 미국환경보호청에서 개발한 건조기의 합류관거 내 고형물 퇴적량 산정기법을 우리나라의 배수유역에 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 적용 배수유역의 가용 자료에 따라 모형을 선택하여 실무에서 간편하게 적용할 수가 있지만 모형별 변수산정 방법별로 많은 차이를 보이고 있다. 초기에 유도된 Eqs. (1)$\sim$(4)가 후에 유도된 Eqs. (5)$\sim$(9)보다 산정치가 모두 크게 나타나고 있으며 전반적으로 중간모형이 정밀모형이나 단순모형보다 크게 나타나고 있다. 건조기 동안의 관거 내 퇴적고형물의 관측자료가 구비되어 있지 않아 실질적으로 비교하기가 곤란하지만 대상 배수유역 관거에서의 장기적인 관측이 이루어지고 이에 따라 국내실정에 맞도록 산정공식의 수정이 이루어지면 실무에서 많은 비용과 노력을 줄이고 관거 관리를 할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2003

시화호 북측확장단지 조성을 위하여 반월천과 동화천이 유입되는 상류에서 호안 축조 공사가 진행되는 경우 침적된 오열도가 실한 이 지역에서 저니토가 급격하게 교란될 때 시화호 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 3차원 수동역학 모델인 TIDE3D를 수질모델인 CE-QUAL-ICM과 결합하고 4개의 $\sigma$층을 사용하여 수체와 저질사이의 상호작용과 층별 변화를 모의하였다. 1년 이상의 장기적인 수질모의결과, 교란된 지점 인근에서는 저층에만 수질의 악화철상이 나타나고 시화호의 형상 및 외부 하천 유입의 복합적인 특성 상 약 5km를 지나면서 저질 교란의 영향이 표층에 나타난다. 현재의 상황에서는 겨울과 봄에 상류 오염유입이 많아서 COD와 TP수질이 좋지 않으나 이에 비해 저질의 교란으로 야기되는 수질 변화는 여름과 가을에 크게 저하되는 것으로 나타나 현존 상태와 반전된 결과를 제시한다. 선행연구(서 등, 2002)에서 취하였던 격자망보다 배정밀도로 상세화 하여 150m${\times}$150m의 격자에서 수치실험 한 결과는 계산시간의 증대를 유발하지만, 격자의존도가 수치해에 미치는 영향이 있는 것으로 판단되며 특히 유동이 배수갑문 인근의 영역에서 신을 통과하는 유량의 차이를 줄여 만족스러운 결과를 제공한다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.373-384
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• 2000

단기 동 하중(특히 지진하중)을 받는 비선형 강 프레임 구조물의 안전성을 평가하기 위하여 추계론적 유한요소 개념에 근거한 비선형 시간영역 신뢰성 해석 기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘에서는 유한요소 공식화가 응답 표면법, 1차 신뢰성 방법, 그리고 반복 선형보간 기법의 개념들과 결합되어 지는데, 이것이 추계론적 유한요소 개념으로 귀결된다. 실제 지진하중의 시간이력이 구조물의 진동을 위해 사용되므로 사실적인 하중조건의 재현이 가능하다. 가상 응력에 기초한 유한요소 기법이 본 알고리즘의 효율성을 증대하기 위해 사용된다. 본 알고리즘은 지진하중 또는 임의의 단기 동적하중을 받는 유한요소 기법으로 표현되는 어떠한 선형 및 비선형 구조물과 관련된 위험도를 평가할 수 있는 잠재성을 가지고 있다. 수치예제를 통하여 알고리즘을 설명하였으며, 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 기법을 사용하여 본 알고리즘을 검증하였다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램을 이용하여 초저온 액체에 의한 정압과 열하중을 받는 멤브레인 구조물의 응력기동과 응력수준을 6가지 주름모델에 대한 수치적 해석결과를 제시하였다. 맴브레인 판재의 상면을 따라 최대 평균법선 응력분포에 관한 여러 가지 기하학적 주름의 3차원 해석을 수행하였고, 이들 주름형상에 대한 유한요소해석 결과를 비교$\cdot$고찰하였다. 링 마디식 모델의 주름 형상은 작은 코너반경과 정점곡률을 갖는 테크니가즈식 주름에 비하여 효과적으로 거동하고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 유한요소해석 결과예 의하면 LNG 저장탱크에 이들 모델을 사용할 경우 링 마디식 주름이 여타 주름 모델에 비하여 가장 깊은 180m에서도 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다.