• 패션비즈니스
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2009

This study examined the efficacy of restraining the increase of the bacteria colony of scalp according to the application of the Ayurvedic base oils and essential oils to scalp and hair. The result is as follows. The experiment illustrated that as the result of doing the paired sample t-test of a treated group and a control group according to constitutional oiling, the efficacy of the statistically significant decrease of the colony manifested in six tested groups except the group of Pitta constitution to which sesame and lavender were applied. Also, in a group that sesame was applied to Vata constitution and a group that coconut and lavender were applied to Pitta constitution, according to the passage of time, the result of being reduced the number of the colony was obtained and it showed that the oiling suitable for each constitution has the efficacy to decrease the colony of scalp. At the same time, regardless of the constitutions, the application of oils also showed the efficacy of restraining the increase of the bacteria colony of scalp. As the result of performing Paired Sample t-test for the subjective evaluation of the subjects in pre and post clinical testing, In the analysis of questionnaire that were obtained before and after the clinical testing, the results of all of the items except the item questioning a degree of inflammation appeared to be significant. That is to say, the subjects answered that a degree of keratin or a pain in scalp, an amount of sebum and a degree of hair damage were decreased after the application of oil more than before it. And in the question of a degree of hair damage, the application of oils were proved as having the efficacy to improve the hair damage.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2015

Objectives: The cytotoxcities of Au, Ag, SWCNT, $SiO_2$, and ZnO nanomaterials were evaluated in order to assess their potential toxicological effects in in vitro cell models using colony forming efficiency (CFE) assay. Methods: The CFE assay of the test materials was carried out on Hep G2 cells. The size distribution of nanomaterials was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Changes in cell viability after treatment with a toxicant will result in a decreased number of colonies formed in comparison to solvent. Results: The TEM images show that all the particles except SWCNT and ZnO can be considered approximately spherical. The gold and $SiO_2$ nanoparticles show no response (no toxicity) in concentration response experiments. A statistically significant toxic effect was found in Hep G2 cells treated with Ag, SWCNT and ZnO nanomaterials. Conclusion: In this study, we considered CFE assay to be a promising test for screening studies for cytotoxicity with physicochemical analysis.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.243-251
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• 2013

Cash management is a major concern for all contractors in the construction industry. It is arguable that cash is the most critical resource of all. A contractor needs to secure sufficient funds to navigate the project to the end, while keeping an eye on maximizing profits along the way. Past research attempted to address such topic via developing models to tackle the time-cost tradeoff problem, cash flow forecasting, and cash flow management. Yet, little was done to integrate the three aspects of cash management together. This paper, as such, presents a comprehensive model that integrates the time-cost tradeoff problem, cash flow management, and cash flow forecasting. First, the model determines the project optimal completion time by considering the different alternative construction methods available for executing project activities. Second, it investigates different funding alternatives and proposes a project-level cash management plan. Two funding alternatives are considered; they are borrowing and company own financing. The model was built as a combinatorial optimization model that utilizes ant colony search capabilities. The model also utilizes Microsoft Project software and spreadsheets to maintain an environment that incorporates activities, their durations, and other project data, in order to estimate project completion time and cost. Ant Colony Optimization algorithm was coded as a Macro program using VBA. Finally, an example project was used to test the developed model, where it acted reliably in maximizing the contractor's profit in the test project.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 1977

1975년 수원 잠업시험장 상전에서 뽕나무 세균성위축병균 Psendomonas mori(Boyer et Lambert) Stevens의 형태적으로 다른 Rough colony형(R형) 균주를 분리하였다. 이를 전국 5개 지역에서 채집, 분리한 wild type인 Smooth colony형 (S형) 균주와 병원성 및 세균의 일반적 성질을 비교하고 유전적인 안전성을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. R형균주는 S형균주에 비하여 강한 병원성을 보였으나 병징에는 아무런 차이가 없었다. 2. R형균주는 그 길이가 200u 이상에 달하는 사상하며 편모가 없는 비운동성 세균으로, 단간상이고 운동성이 있는 S형균주와 형태적으로 달랐다. 3. 육즙한천배지에서 S형균주와 colony는 백색, 원형, 전록으로 평골한데 비하여, R형균주의 colony는 주변이 불규칙한 파상으로 그 중앙부위에 많은 주름무늬가 있다. 4. 46종의 생리적 성질 및 혈청학적 성질에서는 R형과 S형균주 사이에 아무런 차이가 없었다. 5. R형과 S형균주 모두 100회 이상의 계대배양이나 $1-3\%$의 NaCl 및 유기산의 Sodium 염 5종, 항생물질 4종에 의한 처리에서 유전적인 안정성을 보였다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate effects of 7 herbs among medicinals resolving dampness with aroma on vaginal microorganisms. Methods : Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis were used for vaginal pathogenic microorganisms. Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli HB101 were used for vaginal flora. Medicinals resolving dampness with aroma, Pogostemonis Herba, Amomi Cardamomi Fructus, Amomi Semen, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Ammomi Tsao-ko Fructus, Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen and Magnoliae Cortex were used in this study. In vitro antimicrobial activities were observed by optical density and colony test. Results : The optical density showed that Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen and Magnoliae Cortex among medicinals resolving dampness with aroma had antimicrobial effects on pathogenic vaginal microorganisms (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Pogostemonis Herba, Ammomi Tsao-ko Fructus had antimicrobial effects on Gardnerella vaginalis. The colony test showed that Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen, Magnoliae Cortex among medicinals resolving dampness with aroma had antimicrobial effects on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pogostemonis Herbs, Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen had antimicrobial effects aganist Gardnerella vaginalis. The optical density showed that Magnoliae Cortex among medicinals resolving dampness with aroma had antimicrobial effect on normal vaginal microorganisms (Streptococcus spp.). The colony test showed that medicinals resolving dampness with aroma had no antimicrobial effect on normal vaginal microorganisms. Conclusion : From this study, we could suggest that Pogostemonis Herba, Ammomi Tsao-ko Fructus, Alpiniae Katsumadaii Semen, Magnoliae Cortex of medicinals resolving dampness with aroma are available to antimicrobial agent of pathogenic vaginal microorganisms in vitro.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Astringent medicinals against vaginal microbe. Methods : Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis were used for vaginitis-induced microbe. Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli HB101 were used for normal vaginal florae. And Astringent medicinals (Rubi Fructus, Tritici Immatri Semen, Corni Fructus, Nelumbinis Semen, Mume Fructus, Schizandrae Fructus, Ailanthi Radicis Cortex, Galla Rhois, Myristicae Semen, Terminariae Fructus, Rosae laevigatae Fructus, Ephedrae Radix) were used in this study. Antimicrobial activities were tested by optical density and colony test in vitro. And then wee valuated the antimicrobial effects in comparison with optical density and colony test. Results : The optical density and colony test showed that Terminariae Fructus and Galla Rhois among Astringent medicinals had the antimicrobial effects. Teminariae Fructus had the antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity against Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis of vaginitis-induced microbe. Galla Rhois had the antimicrobial susceptibility and selective toxicity against Staphylococus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus, Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis of vaginitis-induced microbe. Conclusion : According to these results, we can suggest that Terminariae Fructus and Galla Rhois among Astringent medicinals be available to the antimicrobial agent of vaginitis-induced microbe in vitro.

• 경영과학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2009

The undirected Steiner tree problem in graphs is known to be NP-hard. The objective of this problem is to find a shortest tree containing a subset of nodes, called terminal nodes. This paper proposes a method based on a two-step procedure to solve this problem efficiently. In the first step. graph reduction rules eliminate useless nodes and edges which do not contribute to make an optimal solution. In the second step, a max-min ant colony optimization combined with Prim's algorithm is developed to solve the reduced problem. The proposed algorithm is tested in the sets of standard test problems. The results show that the algorithm efficiently presents very correct solutions to the benchmark problems.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.341-345
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• 1995

Seventy four microorganisms, which have antagonistic activity against to Fusarium culmorum, were tested for their inhibitory effect on colony development of obligate biotroph Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei Marchal, the causal agent of powdery mildew on barley plants. Of these, 13 actinomycetes isolates were shown to reduce the colony development of mildew completely by application of their 10% cell-free culture filtrates on barley leaves. An Isolate, A252, was the most powerful antagonist and its antifungal activity was further assessed. The colony development of mildew was significantly reduced by application of the 1% cell-free culture filtrate of isolate A252. In comparison to the control, the protective and curative application of 10% cell-free culture filtrate from A252 showed 88.5% and 96.1% reduction of colony numbers respectively. By the protective application, 68.3% of the inhibition was observed after 9 days of treatment, thus showed prolonged inhibitory effect. In vitro test, complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of Microdochium nivale was achieved by the treatment of 1% A252 culture filtrate and 80.2% of inhibition was observed by the 0.1% treatment.

• 한국양봉학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.283-295
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• 2018

As Sacbrood virus (SBV), a causative agent of larval death and colony collapse in Apis cerana honey bee, is prevalent and poses one of the most significant threats to the Korean apiculture, development of methods to counter this viral disease is urgently needed. In this study we tested some SBV controlling methods, such as requeen, shook swam, adding Apis mellifera and spraying yogurt to SBV inoculated colony. Colony size measured by number of sealed brood and adult were evaluated every 15 days until two months while instances of recurrence were recorded up to five months after applying treatment methods. We also test the effects of yogurt on healthy and SBV-infected larvae at both in vitro reared larvae and colony level. Our result showed that all SBV controlling methods had similar success rates with respect to elimination of SBV clinical symptom up to 30 days post treatment. Mix-species and spraying yogurt method had similar pattern of sealed brood and adult number and higher than that of other SBV controlling methods up to 45 days post treatment. These two groups also showed the lower percentage of SBV recurrence (50% and 66.7%) at 120 days post treatment than other group that mostly colony had clinical symptom. Result on in vitro reared larvae challenged with yogurt showed that yogurt have neither harmless on healthy larvae nor remedial effect on SBV infected larvae. However, at colony level, colony in group received yogurt treatment removed significantly more SBV-infected larvae, SBV-killed larvae, and even healthy larvae in comparison to the control, suggested that yogurt could trigger the hygienic behavior of nurse bee. Our results recommended that it is practical in beekeeping by adding A. mellifera and spraying yogurt to control SBV in A. cerana colony.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.615-623
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• 2006

본 연구는 LED 형광법을 이용하여 각 개인의 우식활성도를 측정할 수 있는지를 규명하기 위해 $6{\sim}7$세의 아동 55명을 대상으로 치아의 순면과 협면에 LED 광을 조사하고 특수 필터를 사용하여 초기 치아우식증이 관찰되는 치아의 수와 우식의 크기, 위치 등을 기록하고, 이와 같은 초기 치아우식증의 수를 측정하는 우식활성검사법과 기존의 우식활성도 측정방법인 dDfFtT rate, Streptococcus mutans colony count와 상관성을 비교, 평가하고, LED 형광법을 이용한 우식활성검사의 특이도, 민감도, 진단력을 평가하였다. 1. LED 형광법을 이용한 우식활성도 측정법은 기존의 Streptococcus mutans colony count 검사법과 비교적 높은 상관관계를 보였다$({\gamma}=0.43,\;P<0.05)$. 2. 육안검사를 기준검사법으로 하였을 때, LED의 특이도, 민감도, 진단력은 각각 100%, 76.1%, 100%이었다. 3. dDfFtT를 기준검사법으로 하였을 때, LED의 특이도, 민감도, 진단력은 각각 88.9%, 47.8%, 95.7%이었다. 4. S. mutans 측정법을 기준검사법으로 하였을 때, LED의 특이도, 민감도, 진단력은 각각 100%, 58.7%, 100%이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 LED광중합기를 이용한 광학적 치아우식활성 검사법은 미생물학적 치아우식활성 검사법과 비교하여 유의한 상관관계를 보여 임상에서 활용 가능성이 클 것으로 사료된다.