• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

Shigella is one of the most prevalent pathogens for the diarrhoeal diseases in the developing countries. One hundered and six strains of shigella were isolated from January 1980 to August 1981 at the dept. of clinical pathology, Han Yang Medical Center. Subgroups of these strains were identified as one strain of S. dysenteriae, 98 strains of S. flexneri and 7 strains of S. sonnei. None of S. boydii was observed. Sex ratio, male to female was 48 to 58. Age distribution disclosed 6 cases under one year, 11 cases one to under 2 years and 21 cases(19.8%) two to under 3 years. Subtotal of 0 to 9 years showed 64 cases(60.4%). Susceptibility for antibiotics of these strains revealed dibekacin 100%, sisomicin 100%, amikacin 98.1%, cefazolin 97.2%, tobramycin 97.1%, gentamicin 95.2%, colistin 93.0%, minocycline 89.6%, kanamycin 83.0%, carbenicillin 18.9%, streptomycin 18.9%, tmp-smz 8.6%, ampicillin 2.8% and chloramphenicol 1.9%. Patterns of resistance to sulfa, streptomycin, chloramphenical and tetracycline have already started at the early part of 1960 decade. Although ampicillin was highly sensitive to shigella at the end of 1960 to the early part of 1970 decade, this study has disclosed high resistance to the strains. New antibiotics such as amikacin, cefazolin, dibekacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin have revealed highly sensitive to these strains, however, multiresistance for those antibiotics will be shown to be prevalent in this country within several years, where it is probably related to the unrestricted sale and use of antibiotics in man.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.305-312
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• 1998

서울시내 약수에서 Pseudomonas속균의 균종분포, 생화학적 특성, 혈청학적 특성 및 항생제 감수성을 조사하기 위하여 약수 57개소에 대하여 봄, 여름, 가을에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 총 57개 약수를 조사한 결과, 33개 (57.9%)의 약수에서 Pseudomonas속균이 검출되었다. 봄, 여름, 가을에 모두 검출된 곳은 1곳(1.8%) 이었으며, 2회에 걸쳐 검출된 곳은 9곳 (15.8%)이었으며, 1회만 검출된 곳은 13곳 (22.8%)이었다. 지역별로는 청계산이 50%의 검출율을 나타내었으며, 북한산, 35.7&, 대모산 33.3%, 도봉산 29.6%, 수락산 25.9%, 우면산 22.2%, 불암산 7.4% 순이었다. 분리된 균종은 Ps. putidark 22주(50%)로 가장 많았으며, Ps. aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens 및 Ps. mendocins 각 6주(13.6%), Ps.aureofaciens 4주(9.1%)이었다. 분리된 Ps. aeruginosa6주의 혈청형은 모두 5종으로 A형 2주 , B, C,E 및 G형 각 2주씩이었다. 분리된 Ps. aeruginosa의 항생제에 대한 내성은 Amoxicillin 90.9%, Chloramphenicol 84.1%, Carbenicillin 81.8%, Nalidixic acid 68.2%, Neomycin 38.6%, Streptomycin 31.8%, Gentamicin 4.6%, Kanamycin 4.6% 그리고 Colistin 2.3%이었다. Ps.aeruginosa는 다른 슈도모나스균에 비해 carbenicillin에 대한 감수성이 있으나 kanamycin에 대한 내성이 높았다. Ps. aureofaciens는 다른 슈도모나스균에 비해 streptomycin에 대하여 내성이 없었다. 분리된 Ps.aeruginosa의 항생제에 대한 다제내성양상은 5제내성이 31.8%로 가장 높았으며, 내성양상에서는 NA-CB-CTE-AMC가 18.2%로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.659-666
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• 2003

다양한 미생물들로부터 유래한 cellulase 중에서, 특히 장내 단백질 가수분해효소에 안정한 Clostridium thermocellum 균주 유래의 endoglucanase를 선별하였다. 그 후 그 유전자의 자체 프로모터에 의해 발현되는 재조합 Lactobacillus용 발현벡터를 구축하였고, 그 발현벡터를 pSD1이라 명명하였다. 이 발현벡터를 L. bulgaricus와 L. plantarum 균주에 각각 전기천공법을 이용하여 형질전환시키는데 성공하였으며 그 재조합 균주들로부터 endoglucanase 효소역가를 조사한 결과 각각 배지 상층액에서 0.12, 0.144 U/ml로 조사되었다. 한편 이들 균주들의 생균제로 갖추어야할 특성인 내산성, 내담즙성 및 항생제내성 여부를 조사한 결과, 이들 균주들은 모두 pH3과 같은 산성 조건하에서도 안정하였으며, 내담즙성에 있어서는 특히 L. plantarum 균주의 경우 0.3, 1% 의 oxgall에서도 안정하였다. 또한 항생제 내성을 조사한 결과 두 균주 모두 amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, colistin에 저항성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2006

한우와 홀스타인의 분변으로부터 MRS 배지와 LAPT 배지를 이용하여 무작위 선발법으로 54균주의 유산균을 1차로 분리하였다. 1차로 분리된 54균주에 대해 내담즙성이 우수한 10균주를 분리한 다음 내산성을 조사한 결과 인공위액 pH 2.5에서 LS1, LS15 및 LL6 균주가 각각 66.5%, 82.6% 및 80.7%의 생존율을 나타내었다. Sal. typhimurium, Sta. aureus 및 Cl. perfringens의 병원균에 대해 가장 큰 항균력을 보인 균주는 LL6와 LL7이었다. API CHL kit로 동정한 결과 LS1, LS2 및 LMI 균주는 모두 L. fermentum, LL6와 LL7 균주는 L. acidophilus, LS3 균주는 L. plantarum으로 각각 동정되었고, 나머지 4균주는 Lactobacillus spp. 로 동정되어 분리된 10균주 모두 안전성 있는 유산간균임을 확인하였다. 10종류의 항생제에 대한 내성을 조사한 결과 ampicillin, amoxicillin과 erythromycin에 대해서는 감수성이 있으나 colistin과 ciprofloxacin에 대해 모두 내성을 나타내었다. LB1, LL6 및 LL7 균주는 gentamicin과 neomycin에 대해 내성을 보여 주었다. 분리 동정된 균주 중에 내산성, 내담즙성 및 병원성 균에 대한 특성을 기준으로 판단할 경우 probiotic 유산균으로 사용 가능성이 높은 것은 LL6인 L. acidophilus로 나타났다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotic-resistance in vitro and the skin irritation in rabbits with surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilus Complex BC1212. The antibacterial activities of selected antimicrobial agents (surfactin, amoxacillin, colistin, norfloxacin and streptomycin) were evaluated by using the broth microdilution method. As the results, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the surfactin was less than 15.6 ㎍/ml. In the skin irritation test, two out of 4 rabbits showed very slight edema at 24 h after the administration of surfactin, and then recovered at 72 h. The change of body weight was normal during the skin irritation test. The primary irritation index in accordance with the Draize evaluation of topical reaction was calculated to be '0.125', which meant not irritating. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the test agent, surfactin, was a non-irritant. We could also think that the surfactin may be useful for the treatment of S. aureus infections such as bovine mastitis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.315-324
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• 1989

In order to establish the extent of Streptococcal arthritis piglets, isolation of Streptococci from arthritic lesions of 34 piglets were undertaken from November 1987 to October 1988 in Korea. Also determined were isolation frequency of Streptococci in nasal cavity of 250 healthy sows and antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates. Streptococci were isolated from 52.9% of 34 arthritic piglets and 20 strains isolated belonged to 4 S suis type I, 8 S suis type II, 2 Lancefield group C and 6 group E. From 28.8% of 250 healthy sows, 72 strains of Streptococci were isolated and these consisted of 9 S suis type I, 51 S suis type II and 12 group C. Streptococcal arthritis seemed to occur prominently in piglets aged 2 to 4 weeks and in male than female. No significant difference were recognized in tarsal and carpal joints as affecting site. All of 92 isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and penicillin, and all strains of S suis type I and group E Streptococcus were also sensitive to chloramphenicol and cephalothin. To cephalothin all strains of group C Streptococcus were sensitive. The 1. 7 to 100% of 92 isolates were resistant with different prevalence to colistin, erythromycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and cephalothin. The 92.5% of these resistant Streptococci were multiply drug-resistant strains. The drug resistant patterns most frequently encountered were Tc Cl Em Km Gm(16.3%) in quintuple pattern, Tc Cl Em Km(16.3%) in quadruple pattern, Tc Cl Em(10.9%) in triple pattern and Cl Em(14.1%) in double pattern.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.600-627
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• 2016

Korea is one of the countries with a large veterinary antibiotics market, although antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is becoming a serious issue in many countries. The Korean government started to take interest in estimating the effects of livestock manure on rivers and agricultural soils and in monitoring of heavy metals, organic pollutants and antibiotics in the ambient water and soil. In this paper, pre-treatment methods to separate the selected antibiotics from solid samples were reviewed. It is essential to select an efficient and appropriate procedure for pre-treatment due to the high proportion of proteins and organics in biosolid samples. Pre-treatment consists of extraction followed by clean-up. Initially, homogenized samples were extracted by sonication, mechanical agitation or pressurized liquid extraction with methanol/acetonitrile/water mixture under acidic/basic conditions depending on the compound. However, aminoglycosides and colistin were extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid and HCl, respectively. Since the ${\beta}-lactams$ are easily decomposed in acidic and basic conditions, they were extracted in neutral pH. Filtration with a membrane (pore size, $0.2{\mu}m$) or solid phase extraction with HLB and methanol, as eluents, was normally applied for the clean-up. At least, three different pre-treatment procedures should be adopted to screen all the selected antibiotics in solid samples.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1994

A study on the isolation of Yersiniae from the feces of wild animals(mammals 376, birds 19 and reptiles 13) in zoo and the biotype and serotype and susceptibility of 12 antibiotics was carried. Out of 408 animals, Yersiniae were isolated from 28 animals(6.9%). Of 28 isolates, 27 isolates(96.4%) were Y. enterocolitica and 1(3.6%) was Y. kristensenii. According to the species, 25(6.6%) of Y. enterocolitica and 1(0.3%) of Y. kristensenii were isolated from 376 mammals, 2(15.4%) of Y. enterocolitica from 13 reptiles but not isolated from 19 birds. According to the eating pattern, 8(5.2%) of Y. enterocolitica were isolated from 155 carnivora, 13(10%) of Y. enterocolitica from 123 herbivora, and 6(4.9%) of Y. enterocolitica and 1(0.8%) of Y. enterocolitica from 123 omnivora. Out of 27 isolates of Y. enterocolitica, all were biotype 1. And predominant serotype was 0:21(40.7%), and 0:5(37.0%), 0:6(11.1%), 0:1(3.7%), 0:9(3.7%) and untypable(3.7%). Yersiniae isolated from zoo animals were resistant to cephalothin(100%), ampicillin(96.4%), carbenicillin(96.4%) and tetracycline(14.3%) and streptomycin(3.6%) and susceptible to chloramphenicol(100%), colistin(100%), gentamicin(100%), kanamycin(100%), nalidixic acid(100%), polymyxin B(100%) and tobramycin(100%). The predominant multiple resistance pattern was Am-Cf-Cb(82.1%), and Am-Cf-Cb-Te(10.7%) and Am-Cf-Cb-Te-Sm(3.7%).

• Acute and Critical Care
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2018

Background: Infection by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens leads to poor patient outcomes in intensive care units (ICUs). Contact precautions are necessary to reduce the transmission of MDR pathogens. However, the importance of the surrounding environment is not well known. We studied the effects of ICU relocation on MDR respiratory pathogen detection rates and patient outcomes. Methods: Patients admitted to the ICU before and after the relocation were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics, types of respiratory pathogens detected, antibiotics used, and patient outcomes were measured. Results: A total of 463 adult patients admitted to the ICU, 4 months before and after the relocation, were included. Of them, 234 were admitted to the ICU before the relocation and 229 afterward. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and underlying comorbidities, did not differ between the two groups. After the relocation, the incidence rate of MDR respiratory pathogen detection decreased from 90.0 to 68.8 cases per 1,000 patient-days, but that difference was statistically insignificant. The use of colistin was significantly reduced from 53.5 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.3 to 86.7 days) to 18.7 days (95% CI, 5.6 to 31.7 days). Furthermore, the duration of hospital stay was significantly reduced from a median of 29 days (interquartile range [IQR], 14 to 50 days) to 21 days (IQR, 11 to 39 days). Conclusions: Incidence rates of MDR respiratory pathogen detection were not significantly different before and after ICU relocation. However, ICU relocation could be helpful in reducing the use of antibiotics against MDR pathogens and improving patient outcomes.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1997

양식 농어 치어에 발생하는 포도상구균증의 원인균에 대한 생화학적 성상, 생물학적 성상, 약제 감수성 및 병원성을 검토하였다. 병어의 간, 신장, 비장 및 뇌로부터 원인균을 분리하였으며, 생물학적 생화학적 성상을 조사한 결과 본 균을 Staphylococcus epidermidis로 동정하였다. S. epidermidis에 감염된 농어 치어의 외부 소견은 안구 충혈 및 백탁이 주증상이었고, 해부학적 소견은 뇌출혈, 간울혈, 신장 및 비장의 팽대가 특징적였다. 분리균주는 BHIA, HIA 및 Staphylococcus No. 110에서 잘 발육하였으며, 식염 농도 0~9% (최적 염분 : 1~3%), $10\sim45^{\circ}C$(최적 온도 ; $35\sim40^{\circ}C$) 및 pH 4~10(최적 pH : 8)에서 발육하였다. DNase, coagulase에는 모든 균주가 음성였으며, 용혈성은 양성을 나타내었고, urease 양성, novobiocin 저항성에는 음성을 나타내었다. 모든 균주는 탄수화물 분해시 가스를 생성하지 않았고 혐기적 조건하에서 포도당과 maltose를 분해했다. 호기적 조건하에서 모든 균주는 포도당, galactose, sucrose, maltose 및 dextrin을 분해하였다. $1.7{\times}10^{10}$ viable cells/$m\ell$를 근육 주사한 실험구에서는 모든 접종어에 강한 병원성을 나타내었으나, $1.7{\times}10^4$ viable cells/$m\ell$를 접종한 실험구에서는 약한 병원성이 나타났다. 분리균은 bacitracin, erythromycin, norfloxacin 등에 감수성을 나타냈으나, colistin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid 등에는 내성을 나타냈다. 병어의 병리조직학적 관찰 결과 뇌의 소상 울혈, 간 실질세포의 퇴행성 병변 및 신장 조직에서 뇨세관 상피세포의 분리와 괴사가 나타났다.