• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this study is to develop a structured clinical protocol related with acquisition of radial pulse wave in the randomized, $2{\times}2$ cross-over design, and cold-heat intervention trial for a pilot and preliminary study. Methods The protocol was contrived based on wide ranging literature searches for cold-heat intervention experiments and radial pulse diagnoses. Results Sample size of 60 subjects was calculated based on an effect size derived from the previous study designed to detect the pre-post cold-heat differences in the radial pulse. Each subjects will be randomly assigned to the cold (first) to heat (last) group (n=30) or heat (first) to cold (last) group (n=30). All subjects will fill out a case report form and questionnaires related with pattern identification, dietary patterns, sleep quality, and physical activity will be surveyed and used as a secondary outcomes. Safety assessment will be reported at the final stage. Conclusions This protocol will provide an additional reference to future studies related with observation of radial pulse during any interventions and also expect to be used as a guideline for acquisition of reliable radial pulse wave data.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this study was to suggest guidelines using Nasal endoscopy index for objective pattern identification in allergic rhinitis patients. we performed a clinical study to investigate the relationship between Nasal endoscopy index and Cold-heat pattern identification for allergic rhinitis patients.Methods : We assessed 32 patients with allergic rhinitis using Nasal endoscopy index and the patients filled in Cold-Heat pattern questionnaires. Then, we analyzed the relationship between Nasal endoscopy index and Cold-heat pattern identification.Results : Pale and watery rhinorrhea scores were positively correlated with Cold questionnaire score (P<0.05).Conclusion : The results suggest that pattern identification using nasal endoscopy for allergic rhinitis can be useful for assessing the diagnosis of Cold-heat pattern identification and deciding guidelines of treatment.Acknowledgments : This work was supported by a Grant of the Traditional Korean Medicine R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI12C1889 and HI13C0530).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.127-138
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• 2024

Objectives: Cold extremities have been suggested to correlate with sleep disturbances. This study aims to explore the relationship between thermal sensations in body, encompassing both cold and heat sensations, with sleep quality and insomnia. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to assess thermal sensations in body, sleep quality and symptoms of insomnia in middle-aged women. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to ascertain the association between thermal sensations in body and both sleep quality and insomnia symptoms. Results: Among 899 participants, 255 (28.4%) were categorized in the cold sensation group, 95 (10.6%) in the heat sensation group, 70 (7.8%) in the group with both cold and heat sensations, and 479 (53.3%) in the no-sensation group. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index were notably higher in the group experiencing both sensations when compared to the no-sensation group. After adjustments for covariates, the odds ratios for poor sleep quality, moderate/severe insomnia, and long sleep latency were significantly elevated in the group with both sensations when compared to the no-sensation group. The odds ratios for poor sleep quality in the cold sensation group and for moderate/severe insomnia and low sleep efficiency in the heat sensation group were significantly higher when compared to the no-sensation group. Conclusions: The risk for sleep disturbances varied depending on the presence of thermal sensations in body, with the greatest risk observed for low sleep quality and insomnia in individuals experiencing both cold and heat sensations.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2017

Objectives : In this study, we diagnosed Mibyeong group of adult by taking into Mibyeong Index consideration, and identified the correlation of a Mibyeong group with cold-heat pattern and life quality of them. Methods : The questionnaires were collected by Gallup Korea professional surveyor through face to face interviews. To analyze the differences between health and mibyeong group, we used the descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, ANOVA. And multinomial logistic regression was used to generate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for the differences between health and mibyeong group. Results and Conclusions : The gender composition of respondents in this study that there 545 male (49.5%) and 555 female (50.5%). The score of both cold pattern(health: $21.33{\pm}4.25$, MI 1: $22.43{\pm}4.29$, MI 2: $24.09{\pm}5.03$; post hoc test, p <0.001) and heat pattern(health: $18.4{\pm}4.01$, MI 1: $19.48{\pm}4.10$ MI 2: $19.88{\pm}4.81$; post hoc test, p <0.001) in mibyeong group is higher than the score health group. And, these result have no relevance to age. The score of both Physical component summary (PCS) and Mental component summary (MCS) in health group is higher than the score mibyeong group. Cold-heat pattern and quality of life vary significantly according to health status. This results suggest the analysis of cold-heat pattern and quality of life by health status could provide the setting of direction to promote public health depending on health status.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.401-407
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• 2004

Purpose : This study investigated reliability of Oriental DB & GY(obstetrics & gynecology) Questionnaires's items which was used by Dong-Eui OB & GY through analysis of oriental OB & GY books. Method : This study investigated differentiation of syndrome through analysis of oriental OB & GY book's. Result: This study investigated differentiation of syndrome through analysis of oriental OB & GY disease and pathogenesis. This study's pathogenesis was such that deficiency of Ki, deficiency of blood, stagnation of Ki, stagnated blood, deficiency of Yang, deficiency of Um, cold syndrome, heat syndrome, dampness, dryness, phlegm, kidney, liver, heart, spleen, wind, lung. We except lung from Questionnaires's pathogenesis because it is stuck for importance. We except wind from Questionnaires's pathogenesis because it is stuck for preguence. Oriental OB & GY Questionnaires's pathogenesis consist of 15 items such that deficiency of Ki, deficiency of blood, stagnation of Ki, stagnated blood, deficiency of Yang, deficiency of Um, cold syndrome, heat syndrome, dampness, dryness, phlegm, kidney, liver, heart, spleen. Oriental OB & GY Questionnaires construct pathogenesis's question and guide post through we examined it's reasonableness.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.215-221
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between pathological patterns and hyperventilation syndrome, using pathological pattern and Nijmegen questionnaires. Methods: 33 healthy adults were asked to complete the Cold-Heat-, Phlegm-, Yin deficiency, and Lao Juan (勞倦)-pattern questionnaires, the Chalder fatigue scale, and the Nijmegen questionnaire at Kyung Hee University Hospital. We performed Pearson correlation analyses between the pathological pattern questionnaires and the Nijmegen questionnaire. The questionnaires were composed of several factors. Therefore, each factor and Nijmegen questionnaire score were also analyzed. Results: All of the pattern questionnaire scores had a positive correlation with the Nijmegen questionnaire score. The phlegm pattern, in particular, and the LaoJuan (勞倦) questionnaire scores had high correlation coefficients. The coefficient for the phlegm pattern was 0.856 and the coefficient for the LaoJuan (勞倦) pattern questionnaire was 0.855. Conclusions: The results mean that the pathological pattern questionnaires could be one of the reference materials to evaluate hyperventilation syndrome. Furthermore, improvement of pathological patterns may be helpful for treating hyperventilation syndrome, together with conventional therapies including breathing training.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.180-193
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• 2008

Objectives: We intended to identify factors related to the severity of hot flush of climacteric women from an East-West medical point of view. Methods: We surveyed 446 climacteric women who had received Korean oriental medical questionnaires about clinical symptom patterns and health medical examinations at Kyung-Hee University Medical Center over 1 year, from June 2007 to May 2008. Then, we compared hot flush with clinical symptom pattern and health medical examination result. Results: As the severity of hot flush increased, hypnagogic disorder in sleep pattern, abdominal gaseous distention in digestion pattern, tenesmus in evacuation pattern, yellow or reddish urine in voiding pattern, spontaneous sweating in sweating pattern, chest oppression in psychologic pattern, not-pulling-bedclothes in cold-heat pattern and mouth dryness in craniocervical symptom increased (p<0.05). In relation to digestion pattern, the severity of hot flush showed statistical significance according to prevalence of gastritis diagnosed by gastroscopy and upper GI series(p<0.01). In relation to voiding pattern, the severity of hot flush showed statistical significance according to prevalence of urine protein diagnosed by urinalysis (p<0.05). In relation to sweating, psychologic & cold-heat pattern, triiodothyronine (T3) increase and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) decrease were significantly correlated as the severity of hot flush increased (p<0.01). Conclusions: The result showed that hot flush of climacteric women had to be considered in respect of digestion disorder related to gastritis and sweating psychologic cold-heat disorder related to thyroid hormone.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.532-538
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• 2007

In order to establish the standard symptoms in men and women and highly frequent symptoms(HFS) of Phlegm(痰) Blood Stasis(血於) Cold(寒) Heat(熱) Dryness(濕) pathogenesis(病機), 969 questionnaires were analyzed through Cronbach alpha value and Pearson's correlative efficient. The Cronbach ${\alpha}$ value of each pathogensesis was Phlegm(0.83500)${\cdot}$Cold(0.823272)${\cdot}$Heat(0.816344)${\cdot}$Dampness(0.760292)${\cdot}$Blood Stasis(0.692551)${\cdot}$Dryness(0.672783) respectively. Through this study of frequency number of symptoms, followings were found that the physiological differences of men and women made some differences of main symptoms in each pathogenesis, and the differences of several clinical symptoms in a pathogenesis were resulted from the difference of specimens between textbook and this study.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was conducted to analysis correlation of pattern identification and body mass index (BMI) in obese adolescents. Methods : A total of 228 middle school students, 226 students were agreed and included study and two were excluded because of disagreement. It was conducted cold-heat pattern questionnaire, phlegm pattern questionnaire and after height and weight were measured. Firstly, out of 24 who did not respond to all of questionnaires. Secondary, out of 159 who are normal range on international obesity standard(BMI < $30kg/m^2$) Results : The average height and weight of 43 subjects was $159.65{\pm}9.45cm$, $70.10{\pm}8.47kg$ respectively. The average score of pattern identification was cold pattern score(CPS) was $2.70{\pm}1.61$, heat pattern score(HPS) was $3.30{\pm}1.99$, phlegm pattern score(PPS) was $3.95{\pm}5.02$. There was no significant correlation with BMI and CPS, HPS, PPS. Conclusions : In this study, there was no significant correlation of pattern identification and BMI in obese adolescents.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.961-977
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was designed to analyze the treatment effects of Eunhwayeongyo-tang through retrospective chart reviews. We also checked the correlation between each pair of variables of the symptoms and curative rates of patients with cough. Methods: Thirty-three patients with cough who had satisfied the selection criteria were retrospectively reviewed through their basic medical records, nasal endoscopy, and questionnaires about cough on their first and second visits. The questionnaires used were "The questionnaire on clinical symptoms of cough & sputum", Leicester Cough Questionnaire Korean Version (LCQ-K), Total Nasal Symptom Scores (TNSS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and "Cold-heat patterns". The improvement rate, calculated by "The questionnaire on clinical symptoms of cough & sputum" was considered to be clinically effective if reduction of symptoms scored more than 30%. The state of nasopharyngeal mucosa was assessed to categorize the cold-heat patterns of the upper respiratory tract and for diagnosis. Results: According to this study, cough and sputum improved by $57.22{\pm}37.76%$. Most patients (76%) improved significantly after $12.18{\pm}6.59days$ of taking Eunhwayeongyo-tang. The cure rates of 26 patients among the 33 patients were judged as effective. All the mean scores of the questionnaires and the anterior nasal cavity states were significantly improved on the patients' second visits. After $18.39{\pm}15.68days$, 30 patients were completely cured and ended treatment. The nasopharyngeal mucosa states of all patients were categorized as heat patterns. Conclusions: The conditions of the patients with nasopharyngitis significantly improved after taking Eunhwayeongyo-tang. All of the patients had pharyngitis or rhinitis. The cold-heat pattern of nasopharyngeal mucosa was a significant indicator of upper respiratory inflammation diagnosis.