• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.234-245
• /
• 2008

Yeonkyopaedok-san(YPS) extract is widely used to treat the common cold. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of YPS on the common cold. Two hundred Patients with common colds of recent onset were randomized to the double blind, placebo-controlled study. They received 800 mg YPS extract or placebo in capsules, orally dissolved 3 times a day for 7 days. The total symptom score was assessed by the physician, using a 5-point scale on start and finish. Resolution of cold symptoms based on subjective daily symptoms. Total symptom score was significantly decreased in YPS groups in comparison to that in placebo group (p=0.027). Headache (p=0.012), loss of appetite (p=0.037), eyeball discomfort (p=0.002) were more affected. Time to resolution of cold symptoms did not show significant effect (p=0.592). Adverse effects were less in the YPS group than placebo group (2% vs 3%). In this community-based, randomized controlled trial, YPS were effective in treating cold symptoms in college students.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.18-24
• /
• 1995

We produced the causalgiform pain by the tight ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves in the adult rats. To evalute the effect of Ketamine -noncompetitive NMDA (N-methyl-D aspartate) antagoinst- on the causalgiform pain, we tested the changes of; withdrawal sensitivity to the innocuous mechanical stimulation of Von Frey hair 2.35 g(mechanical allodynia); withdrawal frequency to the cold stimulation of acetone (cold allodynia); and total withdrawal time (second) to the cold ($4^{\circ}C$) plate stimulation (cold hyperalgesia) after the administration of 1 mg, 3 mg, 10 mg/kg ketamine. The results were as follows: 1) Cold hyperalgesia was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 1 mg, 3mg, 01 mg/kg ketamine. 2) Cold allodynia and mechanical allodynia was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by 10 mg/kg ketamine. Above results suggest a therapeutic utility of ketamine in treatment of causalgia - especially, cold hyperalgesia.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.56-59
• /
• 2011

The demand for cold rolled steel (CR) for structural members is gradually increasing. If no surface treatment (coating for corrosion resistance) for CR is conducted, its use is very limited because CR is vulnerable to corrosion. Therefore, we need to develop a coating solution to provide high corrosion resistance for CR. In this study, an organic/inorganic coating solution with Si and Ti (Si polysilicate 7 wt.% + Urethane 13 wt.% + Ti amorphous 0.5 wt.%; LR-0727(1)) was used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of CR under a salt spray test. The specimens with the LR-0727(1) coating were heat treated in a drying oven at $120{\sim}210^{\circ}C$for 5 min. The corrosion resistance was investigated using a salt spray test of 7 h. In addition, an adhesive test was conducted. Rust showed under a heat treatment of $150^{\circ}C$, but no vestiges were found over $160^{\circ}C$. The specimens with heat treatment at $160^{\circ}C$ or more did not experience delamination. From these results, it is considered that the temperature limit for optimum heat treatment is $160^{\circ}C$ considering energy efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.192-199
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of variations in the temperature and time of isothermal heat treatment, applied stresses and prestrain on the isothermal transformation behavior of ${\gamma}$ and ${\sigma}$ phases and mechanical properties of 25Cr-7Ni-3Mo duplex stainless steel. The precipitation of ${\gamma}$ and ${\sigma}$ phases through isothermal heat treatment showed the type curves with a certain incubation period, the curve migrated to in a short period of time and the amount of precipitation increased with decreasing isothermal heat treatment temperature. Under the state of isothermal transformation, the precipitation of ${\gamma}$ and ${\sigma}$ phases was stimulated by applied stress, with increasing applied stress, the curves migrated to in a short period of time and also observed that the application of stress has a greater influence on the amount of ${\sigma}$ precipitation than that of ${\gamma}$ precipitation. The precipitation of ${\gamma}$ and ${\sigma}$ phases was stimulated by cold and warm rolling before isothermal heat treatment and precipitation of ${\gamma}$ and ${\sigma}$ phases has a greater influence on the warm rolling than cold rolling. The tensile strength and hardness increased with increasing cold and warm rooling reduction ratio.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.47-64
• /
• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study was to figure out the effect and safety of electro-acupuncture and acupuncture on cold hypersensitivity on hands and feet(CHHF) by Sasang constitution. Methods 72 subjects were recruited from three Korean medical hospitals from October 2019 to October 2020. Subjects were randomly allocated in 1:1:1 ratio to electro-acupuncture group(EA group), acupuncture group(AC group), and control group. The EA and AC group received treatment twice a week for 5 weeks. We tried to confirm the effectiveness of electro-acupuncture and acupuncture treatment by checking changes in Visual analogue score(VAS), body temperature of LU4, PC8, ST32, LR3, and WHOQOL-BREF score. Results The VAS score of CHHF was reduced after treatment, and the effect continued for 4 weeks after the end of treatment in all Sasang constitution, all treatment groups. In all Sasang constitution, the body temperature of the electro-acupuncture group or acupuncture grouop was higher than that of the control group except LU4 in visit 11. And no clinically significant adverse events have been identified. Conclusions Electro-acupuncture and acupuncture treatment are effective on hypersensitivity on hands on feet, and the effect was shown regardless of Sasang constitution.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.1206-1212
• /
• 2022

Cold-crucible induction melting (CCIM) technology has been intensively studied as an advanced vitrification process for the immobilization of highly radioactive waste. This technology uses high-frequency induction to melt a glass matrix and waste, while the outer surface of the crucible is water-cooled, resulting in the formation of a frozen glass layer (skull). In this study, for the fabrication of borosilicate glass waste form, CCIM operation test with 60 kg of glass per batch was conducted using surrogate wastes composed of Cs, Sr, and Nd as a representative of highly radioactive nuclides generated during spent nuclear fuel management. A 60 kg-scale glass waste form was successfully fabricated through melting and draining processes using a CCIM system, and its physicochemical properties were analyzed. In particular, to enhance the controllability and reliability of the draining process, an air-cooling drain control method that can control draining through air-cooling near drain holes was developed, and its validity for draining control was verified. The method can offer controllability on various draining processes, such as molten salt or molten metal draining processes, and can be applied to a process requiring high throughput draining.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.289-294
• /
• 2011

We investigated the cold shock sensitivity of DEAD-box RNA helicase gene deleted strains of in Bacillus subtilis CU1065. To understand cold shock effects, cells were cultivated at $37^{\circ}C$ to log phase ($O.D_{600}$=0.5-0.6) and then temperature was shifted to $15^{\circ}C$. Cold shock slow down the growth rate of wild type and deleted strains of DEAD-box RNA helicase gene (ydbR, yfmL, yqfR, deaD). The growth rate of ydbR deleted strain is 5 times severely reduced compared to that of wild type strain (CU1065). But the growth rate of other three (yfmL, yqfR, deaD) deleted strains is nearly equal to the growth rate of wild type. Compared to $37^{\circ}C$, the amount of ydbR and yqfR mRNA transcripts are increased at the growth temperature of $15^{\circ}C$. On the other hands the mRNA transcripts of yfmL and deaD are not changed at both conditions of $37^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. Upon cold shock treatment ydbR mRNA transcript is clearly increased. After treatment of rifampicin (bacteria transcription inhibitor) the amount of ydbR mRNA was measured. Temperature shift from $37^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$ and rifampicin treatment showed slowly decay of ydbR mRNA. But at $37^{\circ}C$ and rifampicin treatment ydbR mRNA is rapidly reduced. These results showed that cold shock induction of ydbR mRNA resulted from the stability of ydbR mRNA and not from the transcription induction of ydbR. In relation to these results, we found the cold box element of csp (cold shock protein gene) in 5' untranslated region of ydbR gene. Cold shock induction of ydbR is caused by the stability of ydbR mRNA like the stability of csp mRNA.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 1994

To understand the molecular mechanism of hardening process in somatic embryo development and artificial seed germination in celery (Apium graveolens L.), the changes of protein synthesis by ABA or cold teatment at early globular stage were examined. Protein content and nitrate reductase activity in ABA- or cold-treated somatic embryo and seedlings were higher than that in unheated ones. The protein content and nitrate reductase activity were more prominent in somatic embryos than in seedlings. From two-dimensional electrophoresis, several protein spots specific to ABA or cold treatment were identified: 30 KD, 32 KD, 171 KD and 205 KD at heart-shaped stage; and 29 KD, 33 KD, 37 KD, 38 KD, 41 KD, 55 KD, 66 KD, and 110 KD at cotyledonary stage were the most specifically synthesized However the synthesis of certain polypeptides were repressed at heart-shaped or cotyledonary stage: 42 KD, 44 KD, 59 KD, 64 KD, 101 KD, 104 KD, and 190 KD at heart-shaped stage; and 29 KD and 116 KD at cotyledonary stage. The protein pattern changes by ABA or cold treatment occurred simultaneously and mainly in acid-soluble proteins during somatic embryo development and artificial seed germination. Therefore it is suggested that the metabolic changes for adaptation to environmental change occur during somatic embryo development and the germination and growth of seedling from embryo.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.85-105
• /
• 2005

Purpose : Investigate the effects of Chungganhaewooltang(CHT) on immobilization-stress or cold-stress in C576BL/6J mice. Methods : Male C57BL/6J 30 mice of weighting 18${\pm}$2g, were divided into sixs groups including the immobilization-stress group(5heads), after immobilization-stress CHT oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads), cold-stress group(5heads) and after cold-stress CHT oral administration(500mg/kg) groups(5heads). then we observed changes in the serum histamine and corticosterone level and changes immune system Results : Immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone. CHT decreased the serum level of histamine and corticosterone increased by cold-stress. CHT inhibited the release of histamine from mast cells at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. In addition, immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the cell viability of murine thymocytes and splenocytes. CHT increased the cell viability of thymocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but did not affect the cell viability of splenocytes decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Also immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes and splenocytes. CHT decreased DNA fragmentation of thymocytes increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress, but did not affect DNA fragmentation of splenocytes increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress increased the population of thymic $CD4^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of thymic $CD4^+$ cells increased by immobolization-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the population of $B220^+$ cells and increased the population of $thy1^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of $thy1^+$ cells increased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress increased the population of splenic $CD4^+$ cells and $CD8^+$ cells. CHT decreased the population of splenic $CD4^+$ cells increased by immobolization-stress or cold-stress. Immobilization-stress or cold-stress decreased the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$(IFN) interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-4. CHT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-IFN$ decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress but did not affect the production of IL-2 and IL-4 decreased by immobilization-stress or cold-stress. Furthermore, Immobilization- stress or cold-stress decreased the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and the production of nitric oxide. CHT enhanced the phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production decreased by cold-stress. Conclusion : CHT may be useful for the prevention and treatment of stress via suppression of serum histamine and corticosterone level and enhancement of immune response.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.108 no.4
• /
• pp.531-539
• /
• 2019

This study assessed the vitality of Carpinus laxiflora seeds stored for more than 15 years in order to discover optimal pre-treatment conditions for removingthe causes of seed dormancy and improving revitalization rate. Seeds were collected in October 2000 and stored at -18℃ for 16 years. Experiments to assess the revitalization ability of the seeds were performed under the following conditions: a controlled environment; in warm stratification (30 days at 23℃); in cold stratification (30 days at 4℃ andfor 30, 45, 60, and 120 days); gibberellin (GA₃) treatment (24 hours per day in GA₃ solutions of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg·L^-1); and both cold stratification and GA₃ treatment (30 days at 4℃, then in a GA₃ solution of 100, 500, and 1000 mg·L^-1 for 2 hours). The average germination percentage(GP) of untreated seeds was 2%, and the average GP of warm-stratification seeds was 10%. Cold-stratification seeds had the highest GP at 81% for the 45-day process, while the 120-day cold-stratification seeds had the lowest GP at 67.3%. The average GP of seeds treated with GA₃ ranged from 77% (100 mg·L^-1) to 99% (1000 mg·L^-1), indicatingsignificant differences between the treatment concentrations. The treatment effect of GA₃ was highest at 500 mg·L^-1 and 1000 mg·L^-1, and lowest at 100 mg·L^-1. The average GP of seeds treated with GA₃ following cold stratification was 68%, which was lower than the cold stratification-only (73.2%) and GA₃-only (88.4%) treatments. A comprehensive comparison of the seed germination characteristics according to the four treatments determined that a GA₃ 500 mg·L^-1 pre-treatment, with the highest average GP, was ideally suited to the revitalization of long-term stored C. laxiflora seeds. Consequently, C. laxiflora stored at -18℃ for 16 years indicated strong vitality and could be regenerated by proper pre-treatment.