• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2013

The effect of carrier gases (He, $N_2$) on the properties of Ti coating layers were investigated to manufacture high-density Ti coating layers. Cold spray coating layers manufactured using He gas had denser and more homogenous structures than those using $N_2$ gas. The He gas coating layers showed porosity value of 0.02% and hardness value of Hv 229.1, indicating more excellent properties than the porosity and hardness of $N_2$ gas coating layers. Bond strengths were examined, and coating layers manufactured using He recorded a value of 74.3 MPa; those manufactured using $N_2$ gas had a value of 64.6 MPa. The aforementioned results were associated with the fact that, when coating layers were manufactured using He gas, the powder could be easily deposited because of its high particle impact velocity. When Ti coating layers were manufactured by the cold spray process, He carrier gas was more suitable than $N_2$ gas for manufacturing excellent coating layers.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2010년도 제34회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.61-65
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• 2010

초저온 추진제를 사용하는 액체로켓용 인젝터의 개발을 위해서는 단일 인젝터의 수류/연소시험을 통해 인젝터의 수력학적 특성 및 혼합, 미립화 등의 분무특성에 대한 연구가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 대학실험실 급에서 운용할 수 있는 범위의 가압식 초저온 추진제 공급장치 및 LabVIEW를 이용한 Cyclogram 제어 및 데이터 수집장치 등을 구축하였다. 제작된 시험장치를 이용하여 스월-동축인젝터의 $LN_2-GN_2$ 초저온 수류시험 및 분무 가시화를 수행하였다. 또한 LOX-$GCH_4$ 추진제 조합의 연소시험을 위한 연소기와 추력대를 설계 및 제작하였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2008년도 12th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics
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• pp.70.3-70.3
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• 2008

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권11호
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• pp.728-733
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• 2009

Cu based amorphous ($Cu_{54}Zr_{22}Ti_{18}Ni_{6}$) powders were deposited onto Al 6061 substrates by cold spray process with different powder preheating temperatures (below glass transition temperature: $350^{\circ}C$, near glass transition temperature: $430^{\circ}C$ and near crystallization temperature: $500^{\circ}C$). The microstructure and macroscopic properties (hardness, wear and corrosion) of Cu based amorphous coating layers were also investigated. X-ray diffraction results showed that cold sprayed Cu based amorphous coating layers of $300{\sim}350{\mu}m$ thickness could be well manufactured regardless of powder preheating temperature. Porosity measurements revealed that the coating layers of $430^{\circ}C$ and $500^{\circ}C$ preheating temperature conditions had lower porosity contents (0.88%, 0.93%) than that of the $350^{\circ}C$ preheating condition (4.87%). Hardness was measured as 374.8 Hv ($350^{\circ}C$), 436.3 Hv ($430^{\circ}C$) and 455.4 Hv ($500^{\circ}C$) for the Cu based amorphous coating layers, respectively. The results of the suga test for the wear resistance property also corresponded well to the hardness results. The critical anodic current density ($i_{c}$) according to powder preheating temperature conditions of $430^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$ was lower than that of the sample preheated at $350^{\circ}C$, respectively. The higher hardness, wear and corrosion resistances of the preheating conditions of near $T_{g}$ and $T_{x}$, compared to the properties of below $T_{g}$, could be well explained by the lower porosity of coating layer.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2011

The cold spray process is an emerging technology that utilizes high velocity metallic particles for surface coating. Metallic powder particles are injected into a converging-diverging de Laval nozzle and accelerated to a high velocity by a supersonic gas flow. The cold spray process normally uses a circular nozzle that has a rather narrow spraying range. To overcome this fault, a slit nozzle was considered in this study. The slit nozzle is anticipated to reduce the coating process time because it has a wider coating width than the circular nozzle. However, the slit nozzle can reduce the coating efficiency because it does not allow as much gas and particle velocity as the circular nozzle. To improve the coating efficiency of a slit nozzle, the shape of the slit nozzle was modified. And the results of gas flow and particle behaviour according to the nozzlers shape were compared by the a numerical analysis. As a results, as Expansion Ratio(ER) of 7.5 was found to be the most optimal condition for enhancing the spraying efficiency when the ER was changed by the variation of nozzle neck and exit size.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

It is reported that during the cold starting, especially in gasoline engine, the engine response and the effect of HC emission can be improved by prompting atomization and reducing the quantity of fuel adhered to the range of injector tip, inlet port, and inlet valve. The purposes of this study are to promote atomization of fuel before air-fuel mixture in the inlet port. In order to achieve its goal, the glow plug is to evaluate the feasibility of for the early fuel evaporator and the spray behavior characteristics of gasoline, injected on the surface of glow plug with room temperature(2$0^{\circ}C$) and high temperature(25$0^{\circ}C$) is to examine. Particle motion analysis system(PMAS) was used to measure the SMD and the dropsize distribution of impinging spray and free spray. The results of this experiment, evaporation rate of impinging spray was higher than that of free spray, and the higher evaporation rate win, the smaller peak dropsize was. Especially, during early spray SMD of impinging spray was still smaller than that of fee spray.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.818-826
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• 2004

The spray-induced mixing characteristics and thermal decomposition of aqueous urea solution into ammonia have been studied to design optimum sizes and geometries of the mixing chamber in SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) system. The cold flow tests about the urea-injection nozzle were performed to clarify the parameters of spray mixing characteristics such as mean diameter and velocity of drops and spray width determined from the interactions between incoming air and injected drops. Discrete particle model in Fluent code was adopted to simulate spray-induced mixing process and the experimental results on the spray characteristics were used as input data of numerical calculations. The simulation results on the spray-induced mixing were verified by comparing the spray width extracted from the digital images with the simulated Particle tracks of injected drops. The single kinetic model was adopted to predict thermal decomposition of urea solution into ammonia and solved simultaneously along with the verified spray model. The hot air generator was designed to match the flow rate and temperature of the exhaust gas of the real engines The measured ammonia productions in the hot air generator were compared with the numerical predictions and the comparison results showed good agreements. Finally, we concluded that the design capabilities for sizing optimum mixing chamber were established.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.552-561
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• 2011

This study attempted to manufacture a Cu-15 at.%Ga coating layer via the cold spray process and investigated the effect of heat treatment environment on the properties of cold sprayed coating material. Three kinds of heat treatment environments, $5%H_2$+argon, pure argon, and vacuum were used in this study. Annealing treatments were conducted at $200{\sim}800^{\circ}C$/1 hr. With the cold sprayed coating layer, pure ${\alpha}$-Cu and small amounts of $Ga_2O_3$ were detected in the XRD, EDS, EPMA analyses. Porosity significantly decreased and hardness also decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The inhomogeneous dendritic microstructure of cold sprayed coating material changed to the homogeneous and dense one (microstructural evolution) with annealing heat treatment. Oxides near the interface of particles could be reduced by heat treatment especially in vacuum and argon environments. Vacuum environment during heat treatment was suggested to be most effective one to improve the densification and purification properties of cold sprayed Cu-15 at.%Ga coating material.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2002

철강압연공장에서 산세공정중 발생하는 산화철의 색상을 개선하기 위하여 배소로 조업과 색상혼합공정을 연구하였다. 배소로 조업에서는 조업온도, 폐산장입량, 폐산분사 노즐수에 대하여 검토하였으며, 색상혼합공정에서는 산화티탄, 실리카, 괴타이트를 색상혼합재로 검토하였다. 배소로 조업에서는 조업온도를 낮게 할수록 산화철의 명도가 개선되었으며, 색상혼합공정에서는 괴타이트 첨가 경우에 제일 많이 산화철의 적색 및 명도가 개선되었다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2008

Spray coating is a versatile surface modification technology in which coating is built-up based on the successive deposition of micron-scaled particles. Depending on the coating materials, the coatings can meet the required mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and other properties of base materials. Spraying processes are mainly classified into thermal and kinetic spraying according to their bonding mechanism and deposition characteristics. Specifically, thermal spraying process can be further classified into many categories based on the design and mechanism of the process, such as frame spraying, arc spraying, atmospheric plasma spraying (APS), and high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying, etc. Kinetic spraying or cold gas dynamic spraying is a newly emerging coating technique which is low-temperature and high-pressure coating process. In this paper, overall view of thermal and kinetic spray coating technologies is discussed in terms of fundamentals and industrial applications. The technological characteristics and bonding mechanism of each process are introduced. Deposition behavior and properties of technologically remarkable materials are reviewed. Furthermore, industrial applications of spray coating technology and its potentials are prospected.