• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate heart rate variability (HRV) characteristics of cold pattern with repeated measurement data. Participants were taken from a Daejeon University cohort study from 2015 to 2018. Forty-seven of the participants studied displayed cold pattern while 23 showed signs of non-cold pattern. HRV was measured in supine position for 5 minutes at each year, and an 8-item cold pattern questionnaire was used for the diagnosis of cold pattern. SDNN (standard deviation of the NN intervals) and RMSSD (the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals) were used as time domain analysis, and TP (total power), VLF (power in very low frequency range), LF (power in low frequency range), HF (power in high frequency range), LF norm (LF power in normalized units), HF norm (HF power in normalized units) and LF/HF were used as frequency domain analysis. In the Mann-Whitney U test, LF norm, HF norm, and LF/HF showed differences between the cold pattern group and non-cold pattern group at every measurement, and in the independent t-test, the differences were also observed at three points except for the baseline (2015). In the repeated measures ANOVA, the interaction effects were not observed in all HRV parameters, but the time period effects were observed in SDNN, RMSSD, TP, VLF, LF and HF. There were significant differences between those two groups in LF norm, HF norm and LF/HF. This study suggests that LF norm, HF norm and LF/HF might be a useful indicator of cold pattern properties.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.560-572
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• 2005

이 연구에서는 1979년부터 1999년까지 21년 동안에 한반도 겨울철 한파와 관련된 대기 순환 및 열원$(Q_1)$의 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 한파 발생 빈도는 1년간 약 1개로 나타났으며, 1989년을 중심으로 전반기에 전체의 $60\%$가 발생하였다. 한파 발생 동안 하층의 대기 순환 패턴은 평년에 비해 서고동저형의 기압 패턴이 더 뚜렷하며, 상층에서도 한반도에 기압골의 영향이 더 강하게 나타난다. 한파가 발생하는 동안에 한반도 부근의 기온 하강 패턴은 바이칼호 부근의 기온 패턴과 반대로 나타나며, 기온의 연직 구조에서도 400 hPa을 기준으로 하층과 상층의 기온 편차는 반대로 나타난다. 열원에 대한 분석은 한파 발생 시 한랭 이류에 의한 냉각은 하강 운동에 의한 단열 승온에 의해 균형을 이룬다는 것을 보여주는데, 이것은 한랭 핵의 이동이 열흡수원의 이동 경로와 연관되어 있음을 나타낸다. 따라서 한파의 유지 기작을 이해하고 한파를 예측하기 위해서는 열원 그리고 열흡수원의 이동 기작이 밝혀져야 할 것이다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.27-30
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• 2010

본 논문은 LNG 냉열에너지를 이용한 지역집단 냉방에너지 시스템을 공급하기 위한 시스템 공정설계에 관한 연구이다. 새로이 개발한 LNG 냉방시스템은 여러 개의 열교환기, LNG 저장탱크, 열매체 저장탱크, 여러 개의 냉열에너지 저장탱크, 가스냉방기, 압축기, 정압기, 저온 및 고온에너지 공급배관 등으로 구성되도록 설계하였다. 또한, 가스냉방기는 여름철에 도시가스 소모량에 의해 충분하지 못한 LNG 냉열에너지를 안정적으로 공급하기 위해 설치되었다. 냉방에너지 공급시스템은 공기라는 열매체와 200kcal/kg의 냉열에너지를 가진 LNG 사이의 열교환 작용에 의해 냉방에너지를 공급하는 효율성과 안전성을 함께 갖추고 있다. 또한, LNG 냉열에너지를 이용한 지역집단 냉방에너지 공급시스템은 공기중으로 CO2나 프레온 가스를 방출하기 않는다는 장점을 간고 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.818-825
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• 2023

The surge in online seafood consumption has increased parcel delivery, leading to a need to implement effective preservation methods. As the cold chain system is not fully established in Korea, styrofoam boxes and cold packs are commonly used for low-temperature seafood distribution. The impact of cold packs on product preservation depends on the number utilized. Herein, the freshness of vacuum-packed frozen fish fillets (Paralichthys olivaceus and Scomber japonicus) stored at 25±0.5℃ for up to 84 h was measured. Chemical (pH and volatile base nitrogen), microbiological (viable cell count), and physical (odor intensity) properties were assessed using 2 or 4 cold packs in a styrofoam box. Four cold packs yielded lower values, indicating superior freshness, and extended fish freshness by approximately 12 h compared with two cold packs. Therefore, it is recommended to use a minimum of 4 cold packs (-350 g/cold pack) in a styrofoam box for distributing approximately 300 g of frozen fish fillets at room temperature during the summer, considering an average delivery period of 2 days in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6693-6696
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• 2013

Background: Cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that allows both diagnosis and treatment of cervical lesions at the same time. It is mainly performed for indications of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical outcome of cases without CIN in cold knife conization specimen, following a high-grade lesion (CIN2/3) in cervical biopsy. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary referral hospital between January $1^{st}$ 2008 and August $1^{st}$ 2012. Cases that underwent cold knife conization for CIN2/3 within the study period were included. Cone-negative (Group 1) and cone-positive (Group 2) cases were analyzed for various clinical parameters, and were compared in the 1-year post-conization period for histological recurrence and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA status. Results: A total of 173 women underwent cold knife conization for CIN2/3 within the study period. Twenty-two cases (12.7%) were included in Group 1 and 151 cases (87.3%) in Group 2. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gravidity, parity, menopausal status and HPV-DNA status (pre-conization and 1 year post-conization) (p>0.05). Recurrence rates were also similar between the groups (9.1% vs 9.9%, p>0.05). Conclusions: Clinical outcomes were similar in terms of histological recurrence and HPV persistence after 1 year of follow-up between cone-negative and cone-positive cases. Clinical follow-up of cone-negative cases should therefore be performed similar to cone-positive cases.

• 대한간호
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.68-82
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• 1989

This study was a quasi-experimental research study to test the characteristics of temperature regulation according to sponge bath methods of cold application. Thirteen volunteers were selected from among nursing college students according to an established criteria using a purposive sampling technique. Four different cold application methods were used: $\circled1$ tepid water sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled2$ 20% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, $\circled3$ 40% alcohol sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$ and $\circled4$ tepid water sponge bath at 28$^{\circ}$C plus an ice bag to the head. Changes in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, heat content change and thermal discomfort during the cold application were measured at 5 minute intervals over a 120 minute period. The data collection period was from Dec. 20, 1988 to Feb. 3, 1989. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple regression, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test and Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS-X Program. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Five general hypothesis were tested. Hypothesis 1 that "Change in heat content will be decreased for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected. (tepid water sponge bath: after 10 minutes of cold application, 20% alcohol sponge bath: after 25 minutes of cold application: 40% alcohol sponge bath: after 45 minutes of cold application, tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head: after 80 minutes of cold application) Hypothesis 2 that "Thermal discomfort will be changed for each cold application method according to the cold application time" was rejected after 5minutes of cold application. Hypothesis 3 that "Change in heat content will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted except 0~5, 0~10, 0~65, 0~105 and 0~120 minute. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 4 that "Thermal discomfort will differ among the cold application methods" was accepted at 15, 20, 35, 45, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 and 120 minute of cold application time. This difference showed significance only between sponge bath methods and tepid water sponge bath plus an ice bag to the head. Hypothesis 5 that "The higher the change in heat content, the higher the thermal discomfort during the cold application time" was accepted for between 10~60 and 75 minute of cold application. In conclusion, this study showed that in sponge bath at $28^{\circ}C$, 10~80 minute was a effective cold application time in the view of heat loss through the skin. Concerning the effects of evaporation and thermal discomfort, it was found that there was no difference with regard to the solutions; tepid water sponge bath; 20% alcohol sponge bath or 40% alcohol sponge bath at a $28^{\circ}C$ controlled solution temperature. So it was thought that the type of solution itself did not have a big influence on the heat loss through skin. The combined effect of sponge bath with an ice bag to the head showed a significant difference and also showed a slight increase in thermal discomfort. On the basis of this research it can be concluded that cold application, for example, an ice bag to the head during a tepid water sponge bath is a good method as it increase heat loss through conduction, although fit can also cause a slight increase in thermal discomfort. The correlation between changes in heat content and thermal discomfort were not high. So factors other than change in heat content are considered to have an effect on the cognition of thermal discomfort.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.551-562
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• 1999

This study was intended to investigate the effect on the human body such as subcutaneous fat thickness the circumference of extremities etc. of the clothing training of putting on thin clothes periodically from the cold period. The subjects were divided into the clothing training group and the non-training group, The training group was asked to wear cool clothes in daily life and to wear the training clothes of T-shirts with half-length sleeves and pants and perform the clothing training for two hours daily three times a week in a cold environment over the period from November to February. The non-training group was asked to lead a life wearing comfortable clothes. Then a comparative experiment was conducted at 15$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R, H and 0.25m/sec before and after the clothing training. After the clothing training regardless of gender subcutaneous fat thickness was more increased and total clothing weight per the surface area of the body was decreased in the training group than the non-training group. The training group showed lower skin temperature in the limbs and lower average skin temperature than the non-training group irrespective of gender which proved the effect of the clothing training. The training group was shown to have attendancy toward a greater sense of warmth and a less sense of discomfort which proved the effect of the clothing training.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.157-169
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• 1993

The most effective modality for cold application and the length of the application have not been determined despite many studies about the use of cold. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the most effective modality among three methods of cold application, the most effective length of time for the application and the continuing effect after each type of cold application. Thirty adult patients admitted to medical and neurosurgical unit and with high fever (above 38.2 ℃) were assigned randomly to each of three cold ap-plication methods : (a) ice bag: (b) cold compress; and (c) tepid water sponge bath. Each method was applied to the whole anterior surface except the face and neck with the patient in the supine pos-ition. Rectal temperatures and skin temperatures (mid chest, upper arm, thigh and leg) were measured be-fore each application and every 10 minutes during ,each application for a period of 60 minutes. They were also measured every 10 minutes for 30 minutes after each cold application was finished. The experiments were carried out from Dec. 22. 1992 through Feb. 26, 1993. The data were analysed using means, ANCOVA Sheffe test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There were no significant differences among the three cold application methods in the reduction of body temperature, 2. Among the ice bag, cold compress and tepid water sponge bath groups, the ice bag proved to be the most effective method for lowering skin temperature while the cold compress was least effective. 3. Both rectal and skin temperature continued to decrease during the 60 minutes of cold application, but the hunting phenomena was not observed at any of the cold application sites. 4. There were no significant correlations between mean rectal and skin temperatures. 5. Skin temperatures according to the cold application sites decreased to a range of 3.46℃ to 5.20℃ (mid chest), a range of 4.48℃ 4.96℃ (upper arm), a range of 3.86℃ to 5.05℃ (thigh), and a range of 5.42℃ -7.12℃ (leg ). 6. In continuing effect after the cold applications were finished, rectal temperatures according to ice bag, cold compress and tepid sponge bath decreased to 0.29℃, 0.23℃ and 0.09℃ respectively, while the mean skin temperatures increased to 2.39℃ , 2.04℃ and 2.22℃ respectively. In this experiment the ice bag was the most effective modality for lowering skin temperature. when-ever cold is applied for systemic effect, the continuing effect of cold should be considered. The determination of the most effective length of time for cold application needs further study.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.151-168
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• 2006

Objectives: To help the Oriental medicine clinical studies for the common cold treatment, this study analyzed the tendency of research into complementary medicine on the common cold recently published in PubMed. Methods: This study analyzed 26 research papers on complementary medicine on the common cold published in PubMed Over the past 10 years. It measured annually and for each country the number of papers published, the number of subjects, the period of research, the area of trial, the method of study, the objective of study, and intervention, respectively and intervention, the objective of study, and the result of trials overall. Results: There were research papers concerning treatment, prevention, safety of herbal medicine, inducement, and improvement of symptoms of the common cold in the study objective the most among them concerned treatment of the common cold. There were more positive results compared to negative results for treatment and prevention. The results for safety and symptom improvement were positive, while the results for the inducement were indeterminate. There were research papers about using food and medicine, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, and cold exposure in intervention the most among them were about using food and medicine. The food and medicine interventions were Echinacea preparations, vitamins, zinc preparations, Baptisia, Thuja, the root of North American ginseng, probiotic bacteria, troxerutin, garlic, Andrographis paniculata, and caffeine. The use of Echinacea preparations was the most frequent among them. Conclusions: Recent research results of complementary medicine on the common cold were more positive than negative.

• Strategy21
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• 통권36호
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• pp.5-32
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• 2015

Geopolitics or Political Geography is an essential academic field that should be studied carefully for a more comprehensive analysis of international security relations. However, because of its tarnished image as an ideology that supported the NAZI German expansion and aggression, geopolitics has not been regarded as a pure academic field and was rejected and expelled from the academic communities starting from the Cold War years in 1945. During the Cold War, ideology, rather than geography, was considered more important in conducting and analyzing international relations. However, after the end of the Cold War and with the beginning of a new era in which territorial and religious confrontations are taking place among nations - including sub national tribal political organizations such as the Al Quaeda and other terrorist organizations - geopolitical analysis again is in vogue among the scholars and analysts on international security affairs. Most of the conflicts in international relations that is occurring now in the post-Cold War years can be explained more effectively with geopolitical concepts. The post - Cold War international relations among East Asian countries are especially better explained with geopolitical concepts. Unlike Europe, where peaceful development took place after the Cold War, China, Japan, Korea, the United States, Taiwan and Vietnam are feeling more insecure in the post-Cold War years. Most of the East Asian nations' economies have burgeoned during the Cold War years under the protection of the international security structure provided by the two superpowers. However, after the Cold War years, the international security structure has not been stable in East Asia and thus most of the East Asian nations began to build up stronger military forces of their own. Because most of the East Asian nations' national security and economy depend on the oceans, these nations desire to obtain more powerful navies and try to occupy islands, islets, or even rocks that may seem like a strategic asset for their economy and security. In this regard, the western Pacific Ocean is becoming a place of confrontation among the East Asian nations. As Robert Kaplan, an eminent international analyst, mentioned, East Asia is a Seascape while Europe is a Landscape. The possibility of international conflict on the waters of East Asia is higher than in any other period in East Asia's international history.