• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.127-132
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• 2005

We investigated whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) protects liver against cold ischemic injury using isolated perfused rat liver. Rat livers were preconditioned by 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion and preserved for 30 hours at $4^{\circ}C$ in University of Wisconsin solution. Livers were then reperfused for 120 minutes. Oxygen uptake and bile flow in ischemic livers markedly decreased during reperfusion. These decreases were prevented by IPC. Portal pressure was elevated in cold ischemic and reperfused livers and this elevation was prevented by IPC. Lactate dehydrogenase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activities markedly increased during reperfusion. These increases were prevented by IPC. The ratio of reduced glutathione to glutathione disulfide was lower in ischemic livers. This decrease was prevented by IPe. Our findings suggest that IPC protects the liver against the deleterious effect of cold ischemia/reperfusion, and this protection is associated with the reduced oxidative stress.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.252-261
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• 2003

Although the young spike of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known as the most susceptible part to spring cold injury, the risk of cold injury is apt to be ignored in most breeding program due to the importance of early maturity. Based on these aspects, the types and inducing time, temperature conditions for induction and effects of cold injury on growth and yield in this study were investigated under greenhouse and field conditions through three years (1997-1999). In natural condition, low temperature around -2.4∼$-10.2^{\circ}C$ caused the death of plant. Several cold injury types such as partial degeneration of spike, partial discoloration of leaf, spike and awn, discoloration of culm and white spike were observed at low temperature around $-3.1^{\circ}C$. Low temperature around -2.4∼$-8.6^{\circ}C$ and 1.3-$7.6^{\circ}C$ caused degeneration and sterility of spike, respectively. Most materials were prepared to the spikelet foundation stage, spikelet differentiation stage, development stage of flower organ, booting stage and heading stage, which were known having risk for cold injury in field condition. Although most of the controlled stages were sensitive to the induced low temperature, booting stage was the most sensitive stage for cold injury. All of growth stages which were treated-heading stage, booting stage, development stage of flower organ, spikelet differentiation stage, spikelet foundation stage-were responded to low temperature treatment but the symptoms revealed were very specific according to the growth stages. Ears of plant in heading stage were discolored to white. Ears of plant in booting stage were degenerated in all or part of one. Plants in spikelet differentiation stage were sterile in all or part of one. When tried to detect the specific differences between normal and cold injured plants in appearance, spike length, distance between spike and flag leaf and the first internode length could be the critical points for occurrence of spike death caused by cold injury. In barley, the elongation of spike was stopped on 3.2cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 4.7cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 5.0cm after occurrence of white spike. In wheat, it was stopped on 1.6cm after occurrence of stem death, 3.3cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 8.3cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 8.1cm after occurrence of white spike, 7.5cm after partial discoloration of leaf and 9.3cm after partial discoloration of spike. The obtained results from low temperature treatment induced in growth chamber were similar to the field experiment, Beacuse the death of spikes was more when low temperature was treated two times than one times, the temperature should be upgrade to -3$^{\circ}C$ in order to get the same condition with field test.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.495-500
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• 2000

We investigated whether S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) treatment improved ischemic injury using perfused rat liver after sequential periods of 24 h cold and 20 min re-warming ischemia. SAM (100 $\mu\textrm{mol/L}$) was added to University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and Ringers lactate solution. After cold and sequential warm ischemia, releases of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) markedly increased during repefusion. The increase in PNP was significantly reduced by SAM treatment. While the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in ischemic livers significantly decreased, the concentration of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased. This decrease in GSH and increase in GSSG were suppressed by SAM treatment. Lipid peroxidation was elevated in cold and warm ischemic and reperfused livers, but this elevation was also prevented by SAM treatment. Hepatic ATP levels were decreased in the ischemic and reperfused livers to 42% of the control levels. However, treatment with SAM resulted in significantly higher ATP levels and preserved the concentration of AMP in ischemic livers. Our findings suggest that SAM prevents oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and helps preserve hepatic energy metabolism.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.14
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• 2023

Background: Hypothermia is a crucial environmental factor that elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease, but the underlying effect is unclear. Objectives: This study examined the role of cold stress (CS) in cardiac injury and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: In this study, a chronic CS-induced myocardial injury model was used; mice were subjected to chronic CS (4℃) for three hours per day for three weeks. Results: CS could result in myocardial injury by inducing the levels of heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), enhancing the generation of creatine phosphokinase-isoenzyme (CKMB) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increasing the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) interleukin1b (IL-1β), IL-18, IL-6, and triggering the depletion of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH). Multiple signaling pathways were activated by cold exposure, including pyroptosis-associated NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3)-regulated caspase-1-dependent/Gasdermin D (GSDMD), inflammation-related toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), as well as oxidative stressinvolved thioredoxin-1/thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) signaling pathways, which play a pivotal role in myocardial injury resulting from hypothermia. Conclusions: These findings provide new insights into the increased risk of cardiovascular disease at extremely low temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold therapy and thermal therapy, and immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), Interleukin-1(IL-1) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) on angiogenesis after muscle contusion injury. Methods : Muscle contusion injury was induced in the gastronemius muscle by dropping a metal bead(22.8g). Cold and thermal theraphy was applied immediately and directly to the skin of injured muscle daily for three days. (experimental group-1 : $5^{\circ}$ cold pack, experimental group-2 : $50^{\circ}$ hot pack, control group non applied, treatment time : 10minutes) Results : The experimental group-1 and 2 showed higher immunoreactivity of VEGF, IL-1, IL-6 than control group during 3 days(P<0.05). And the experimental group-2 showed higher than the experimental group-1 especially VEGF(P<0.05). Conclusion : There data thermal therapy was more effective than cold therapy in the acute muscle contusion injury.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2010

1. Objectives: The purpose of this case is to report that a Tae-eumin patient diagnosed as drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by Galgeunhaegi-tang (Gegenjieji-tang) treated with Taeumjowe-tang reduced ephedra to 2g (Taiyintiaowei-tang) and then liver function test Results: improved. 2. Methods: We diagnosed him as Tae-eumin Exterior cold disease induced from the esophagus affected by cold. We made him stop taking Galgeunhaegi-tang (Gegenjieji-tang) and take Taeumjowe-tang reduced ephedra to 2g. (Taiyintiaowei-tang) 3. Results: After our treatment, the symptom and the liver function test Results: improved. 4. Conclusions: The wrong diagnosis of constitution and pathological syndromes can be caused drug-induced liver injury. Taeumjowe-tang reduced ephedra to 2g (Taiyintiaowei-tang) may have an effect on treatment of drug-induced liver injury of Tae- eumin.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the Cold-damage Six-meridian disease of Qibo (岐伯六經病證) and Sasang Constitutional Symptomatology (四象體質病證), presented in Discourse on the Origin of Eastern Medicine (醫源論) of Longevity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine (Donguisusebowon, 東醫壽世保元). Method The process of development from Cold-damage Six-meridian disease of Qibo (岐伯六經病證) to Six Meridians Physical Symptoms and Medicines (六經形證用藥) in the chapter Cold(寒門) of the Treasure Mirror of Eastern Medicine (Donguibogam, 東醫寶鑑) was investigated. And the correlation between Six Meridians Physical Symptoms and Medicines (六經形證用藥) and Sasang Constitutional Symptomatology (四象體質病證) was considered. Results and Conclusions 1. The Cold-damage Six-meridian disease of Qibo (岐伯六經病證) in the chapter Heat Treatise (熱論篇) of Basic Questions (素問) had evolved into Six Meridians Physical Symptoms and Medicines (六經形證用藥) in the chapter Cold(寒門) of the Treasure Mirror of Eastern Medicine (Donguibogam, 東醫寶鑑) through Book for Life Saving (Huorenshu, 活人書), a work of Zhu Gong (朱肱), Six Books on Cold Damage disease (Shanghanliushu, 傷寒六書), a work of Tao Hua (陶華) and Introduction to Medicine (YixueRumen, 醫學入門), a work of Li Chan (李梴). 2. The correlation between the Cold-damage Six-meridian disease of Qibo (岐伯六經病證) and Sasang Constitutional Symptomatology (四象體質病證) can be analyzed and understood through Six Meridians Physical Symptoms and Medicines (六經形證用藥) in the chapter Cold(寒門) of the Treasure Mirror of Eastern Medicine (Donguibogam, 東醫寶鑑). 3. Greater Yang meridian disease of Qibo (岐伯) is related to Soyangin early stage of Lesser-Yang Wind-Injury symptomatology and Soyangin early stage of Chest-Heat symptomatology, Yang Brightness meridian disease and Greater Yin meridian disease to Taeeumin Liver-Heat symptomatology, Lesser Yin meridian disease to Soyangin Chest-Heat symptomatology, Lesser Yang meridian disease to Soyangin early stage of Lesser-Yang Wind-Injury symptomatology and Reverting Yin meridian disease to Soeumin Reverting Yin symptomatology of Greater Yang disease.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.445-449
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• 2009

For human organ transplantations, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTKS) and University of Wisconsin solution (UWS) have been shown to engender similar outcomes as gold standard cold preservation solutions ($4^{\circ}C$). To select the effective preservation solution for cold storage of kidney xenografts in miniature pig, which could be a potential source animal of bio-organs, this study compared early histopathological outcomes of cold preservation injury using HTKS and UWS. Twelve miniature pigs weighing 25.6 to 34.7 kg were divided into two groups (n = 6 per group), UWS group and HTKS group. The kidneys in each group were harvested, cold flushed, and preserved for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hrs at $4^{\circ}C$ with UWS or HTKS, respectively. Histolopathological examinations were assessed on kidney biopsy specimens, taken after each cold storage. The degree of renal injury was scored using 5 different criteria (pyknotic nuclei, disruption of cytoplasm, detachment of epithelium, loss of microvilli, tubular necrosis and loss of glomerular tufts) of the cellular components of the tissue. The degree of kidney damage was increased with prolonged cold ischemia time. UWS and HTKS have at least similar efficacy in kidney preservation within 24 hrs cold preservation time. However, in HTKS group cold-induced injury started to be observed more than in UWS group after 48 hrs of cold storage. In conclusion, UWS and HTKS were equally effective for cold preservation of miniature pig kidney in early preservation times; however, UWS may be more effective at longer preservation times as compared to HTKS.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2012

Background: It has been demonstrated that the expression of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and apoptotic cell death in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following spinal nerve constriction injury play a role in the initiation and continuation of hyperalgesia and allodynia. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on mechanical and cold allodynia, TNF-${\alpha}$ expression, and apoptosis in DRG after spinal nerve ligation injury. Methods: Rats were divided into 3 groups: control, pre-EP, and post-EP. EP (50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 30 minutes before (pre-EP) or after (post-EP) surgery. Behavioral tests to determine mechanical and cold allodynia were conducted before surgery and 4 and 7 days after surgery. Seven days after surgery, TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels in DRG were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and DRG apoptosis was determined by immunohistochemical detection of activated caspase-3. Results: Treatment with EP significantly reduced mechanical and cold allodynia following spinal nerve ligation injury. TNF-${\alpha}$ protein levels in the pre-EP ($4.7{\pm}1.2$ pg/200 ${\mu}g$; P < 0.001) and post-EP ($6.4{\pm}1.8$ pg/200 ${\mu}g$; P < 0.001) groups were 2-3 times lower than the control group ($14.4{\pm}1.2$ pg/200 ${\mu}g$). The percentages of neurons and satellite cells that co-localized with caspase-3 were also significantly lower in the pre-EP and post-EP groups than the control group. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that EP has a strong anti-allodynic effect that acts through the inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ expression and apoptosis in DRG after spinal nerve ligation injury.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.57-76
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• 2004

This report describes the remedial fields, symptoms, pathology, dosage, prescriptional constitution of 69 studies related to the use of Radix Asari main blended prescriptions from Dongeubogam. The following conclusions were reached through investigations on the prescriptions that use Radix Asari as a key ingredient. Radix Asari blended prescriptions are utilized for 14 therapeutic purposes, for example, in symptoms of tooth, eye, paralysis, ear-nose, skin infection and carbuncle. In particular, 14.49% of the prescriptions appear in the chapter of tooth, and 10.14% of those appear in the chapter of eye. Prescriptions that utilize Radix Asari as the main ingredient are used in the treatment of dental disease, othalmology, nose and ear disease, throat disease, common cold, dermothology, paralysis, musculoskeletal disease, disease of the head, asthma, genital disease, the injury of the cuts and they are also used for treating 50 different types of diseases. Radix Asari is used in Six pathogenic factors such as wind, wind-cold, wind-heat, wind-dampness heat, wind-dampness, dampness, paralysis, cold-chill, cold, dryness, in visceral pathogenic factors such as stomach, kidney, liver-kidney, liver and in chi-blood pathogenic factors such as chi-blood deficiency, chi-blood stagnation and in extravasated blood pathogenic factors such as impact injury, an injury such as cuts, blood accumulation as well as weakness-cold and parasites. The actual amount of Radix Asari blended has ranged at a wide variety of amounts from 2.5pun(about 0.94gram) to 3don(about 11.25gram). 26.09% of the prescriptions used 1don(about 3.75gram). The function of Radix Asari is to calm down, to get the consciousness back, to bore through, to warm up the meridians and to run it smoothly, to discharge of phlegm from the combination of drugs and prescriptions.