• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.166-171
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• 2016

Electric vehicle ownership is expanding for two reasons: its technology features have enhanced fuel economy, and the number of vehicle emissions regulations is increasing. Battery performance has a large influence on the capability of electric vehicles, and even though battery thermal management has been actively researched, specific technological improvements to battery performance are not being presented. For instance, many industrial applications utilize vortex tubes as components for refrigeration machines because of their numerous intrinsic benefits. If electric vehicles incorporate vortex tubes for battery cooling, performance and efficiency advancements are possible. This study uses a counter-flow vortex tube to investigate its temperature separation characteristics, based on the back pressure of the cold air exit and the difference between the inlet and back pressures. The experiment uses a vortex tube with the following parameters: six nozzle holes, a 20 mm inner vortex diameter (D), a 14D tube length, a 0.7D cold exit orifice diameter, and a nozzle area ratio of 0.142. The measurements prove that the temperature difference between the hot air and cold air decreased because of the flow resistance of the hot air and the backflow phenomenon at the cold air exit. The flow resistance causes the temperature difference to decrease, and the back pressure of the cold air exit influences the flow resistance. The results show that the back pressure significantly influences the efficiency of temperature separation.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.585-592
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• 2007

Good cold start characteristics are essential for satisfactory operation of fuel cell vehicles. In this study, the melting process has been numerically investigated for a water tank used in fuel cell vehicles. The 2-D model of the tank containing ice and plate heaters was assumed and the unsteady melting process of the ice was calculated. The enthalpy method was used for the description of the melting process, and a FVM code was used to solve the problem. The feasibility study compared with other experiment showed that the developed program was able to describe the melting process well. From the numerical analysis carried out for different wall temperatures of the pate heaters, some important design factors could be found such as local overheating and pressurization in the tank.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.437-444
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• 2005

Unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC) emissions from gasoline engines remain a primary engineering research and development concern due to stricter emission regulations. Gasoline engines produce more UBHC emissions during cold start and warm-up than during any other stage of operation, because of insufficient fuel-air mixing, particularly in view of the additional fuel enrichment used for early starting. Impingement of fuel droplets on the cylinder wall is a major source of UBHC and a concern for oil dilution. This paper describes an experimental study that was carried out to investigate the distribution and 'footprint' of fuel droplets impinging on the cylinder wall during the intake stroke under engine starting conditions. Injectors having different targeting and atomization characteristics were used in a 4-Valve engine with optical access to the intake port and combustion chamber. The spray and targeting performance were characterized using high-speed visualization and Phase Doppler Interferometry techniques. The fuel droplets impinging on the port, cylinder wall and piston top were characterized using a color imaging technique during simulated engine start-up from room temperature. Highly absorbent filter paper was placed around the circumference of the cylinder liner and on the piston top to collect fuel droplets during the intake strokes. A small amount of colored dye, which dissolves completely in gasoline, was used as the tracer. Color density on the paper, which is correlated with the amount of fuel deposited and its distribution on the cylinder wall, was measured using image analysis. The results show that by comparing the locations of the wetted footprints and their color intensities, the influence of fuel injection and engine conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively examined. Fast FID measurements of UBHC were also performed on the engine for correlation to the mixture formation results.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.545-553
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• 2017

Microalgae can offer an attractive way of generating renewable and sustainable biodiesel. Biodiesel derived from microagae can have lower impact on the environment and food supply than biodiesel produced from crops. But biodiesel derived from microagae have poor fuel properties at low temperature depending on their species. In this study, it was investigated that fuel characteristics of biodiesel derived from Tetraselmis sp. and cold weather performance of biodiesel blend (BD3, 3 vol.% biodiesel - 97 vol.% diesel). The startability and operability of the passenger car in BD3 was good at $-20^{\circ}C$.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.257-262
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• 2003

Engine-out HC emissions were investigated during engine start. The tests were conducted on a 1.5L, 4-cylinder, 16 valve, multipoint-port-fuel-injection gasoline engine at different coolant temperatures and fuel injection-skip methods; no skip, 1 cycle-skip and 3 cycle-skip. To understand the characteristics of engine-out HC emissions, HC concentration was measured at a exhaust port using a Fast Response Flame Ionization Detector (FRFID). The result show that HC emissions were emitted at the cold coolant temperature much higher than those of the hot coolant. In additions, the fuel injection skip highly reduced engine-out HC emissions. It is convinced that optimized fuel injection skips according to coolant temperatures could be applied to reduce HC emissions during SI engine start.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

A nuclear fuel test loop(after below, FTL) is installed in the IRI of an irradiation hole in HANARO for testing the neutron irradiation characteristics and thermo hydraulic characteristics of a fuel loaded in a light water power reactor or a heavy water power reactor. There is an in-pile section(IPS) and an out-pile section(OPS) in this test loop. When HANARO is operated normally, the fuel loaded into the IPS has a nuclear reaction heat generated by a neutron irradiation. To remove the generated heat and to maintain the operation conditions of the test fuel, a main cooling water system(MCWS) is installed in the OPS of the FTL. The MCWS is composed of a main cooler, a pressurizer, two circulation pumps, a main heater, an interconnection pipe line and instruments. The interconnection pipeline is a closed loop which is connected to an inlet and an outlet of the IPS respectively. The MCWS is under a cold function test during a start-up period. This paper describes the system flow network analysis results of the flow control of a main cooling water system in the HANARO fuel test loop. It was confirmed through the results that the flow was met the system design requirements.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.4125-4133
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• 2022

KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) developed the conceptual design of PGSFR (Prototype Gen-IV Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor) and Burner Reactor. Since the reactor characteristics of the PGSFR and Burner Reactor are different, the shape, size and the arrangement of the main components in the reactors must be different. Therefore, the conceptual design for the fuel handling and transfer systems needs to be performed coinciding with the structure of the reactor. Especially, because a redan structure dividing hot and cold pool is installed in the reactor vessel, the conceptual design of the fuel handling and transfer system largely changes depending on the location of the redan structure. Various elements of the conceptual design and an integral arrangement for the fuel handling and transfer system were arranged according to the characteristics, sizes and shapes of the reactors. In this paper, the conceptual designs of the fuel handling and transfer system for PGSFR and Burner Reactor are described. Especially, an A-frame method is selected as the fuel handling and transfer system for the Burner Reactor, considering the layout of the internal structure. The tilt angle, diameter and length of A-frame is determined and the strength evaluation of the A-frame is performed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2002

On the cold start of LPG engine, as the engine temperature has not reached its equilibrium temperature, liquid LPG could not be changed perfectly gaseous LPG, although it was passed to the vaporizer. Liquid and gas mixed fuel could influence starting ability and exhaust emission characteristics of LPG engine. In this study, the vaporization characteristic of liquid LPG was investigated with a conventional vaporizer and the vaporizer with heat source(glow plug) installed at preheated chamber inlet, by using the visualization methods and engine test. According to visualization result, even if the engine coolant temperature was $14^{\circ}C$, liquid fuel was supplied to primary chamber over 25 seconds without vaporizing from preheated chamber in such a conventional vaporizer. However, the vaporizer with heat source do not correspond with that, scarcely had been trim on glow plug when LPG began to vaporize. The effectiveness of heat source could be verified by application to the conventional LPG engine.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

During the SI engine starting up, starting conditions directly contribute to the unburned hydrocarbon emissions in spark ignition engines. The effects of catalyst temperatures and fuel injection skip methods on HC emissions were investigated. The test was conducted on a 1.5 L, 4-cylinder, 16 valve, multipoint-port-fuel-injection gasoline engine. To understand the formation of HC emissions, HC concentration was measured in an exhaust port using a Fast Response Flame ionization Detector (FRFID). The result showed that HC emissions, which were emitted at the cold coolant and catalyst temperature, were generated much higher than those of hot coolant and catalyst temperatures. In additions, fuel injection skips reduced highly HC emissions. It is convinced that optimized fuel injection skip method according to coolant and catalyst temperatures could be applied to reduce HC emissions during the SI engine starts.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.846-853
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• 2017

Cold bed and $30kW_{th}$ pilot bed tests using circulating fluidized bed (CFB) were conducted to apply oxy-fuel technology for waste sludge combustion as a carbon capture and storage technology. In cold bed test, the minimum fluidization velocity ($u_{mf}$) and superficial velocity for fast fluidization was determined as 0.120 m/s and 2.5 m/s, respectively. In the pilot test, air and oxy-fuel combustion experiments for waste sludge were conducted using CFB unit. The flue-gas temperature in 21~25% oxy-fuel combustion was higher than that of air and up to 30% oxy-fuel combustion. In addition, the concentration of carbon dioxide was more than 80% with the oxygen injection range from 21% to 25% in oxy-fuel CFB waste sludge combustion.