• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.14
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

This paper explores the impact of banner exposure and clicking on brand-attitude changes and purchase intention changes. It is found that simple exposure to banner ads does not change people's initial brand-attitude and purchase intention, while voluntary exposure to target ads by clicking banner ads results in positive or negative brand attitude and purchase intention changes depending on the likability of the linked target ads from the banner ads. For methodology, this study employed a pretest posttest control group design and used online data collection technology called Cold Fusion. A total of 961 subjects participated in this research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.536-543
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• 1997

The subjects wearing cool clothing (C group) or warm clothing (W stoup) in daily life from September to February of the following year were tested to examine whether cold acclimatization takes place by clothing habits. Subjects rested at 25$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, then were exposed to 15$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H. for 90 min in September, November, December, and February. Rectal temperature (Tre) of C group after 90 min cold exposure did not drop below the Tre in $25^{\circ}C$ throughout the study. W group's Tre, however, dropped below the temperature in 25t from December. Shivering stopped after December in C group while W group continued to show it for the whole study. In resting, C group showed higher heat production than W group in February, and the rate of increase in heat production during cold exposure was smaller in C group than W group in February. C group showed less cold sensation than W group in the same coldness. These results suggest that the level of cold acclimatization may be improved by the habits wearing less clothes in daily life.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.747-755
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides accumulation responses to temperature are critical to quality formation in cold-dependent American ginseng. However, the studies on cold requirement mechanism relevant to ginsenosides have been limited in this species. Methods: Two experiments were carried out: one was a multivariate linear regression analysis between the ginsenosides accumulation and the environmental conditions of American ginseng from different sites of China and the other was a synchronous determination of ginsenosides accumulation, overall DNA methylation, and relative gene expression in different tissues during different developmental stages of American ginseng after experiencing different cold exposure duration treatments. Results: Results showed that the variation of the contents as well as the yields of total and individual ginsenosides Rg1, Re, and Rb1 in the roots were closely associated with environmental temperature conditions which implied that the cold environment plays a decisive role in the ginsenoside accumulation of American ginseng. Further results showed that there is a cyclically reversible dynamism between methylation and demethylation of DNA in the perennial American ginseng in response to temperature seasonality. And sufficient cold exposure duration in winter caused sufficient DNA demethylation in tender leaves in early spring and then accompanied the high expression of flowering gene PqFT in flowering stages and ginsenosides biosynthesis gene PqDDS in green berry stages successively, and finally, maximum ginsenosides accumulation occurred in the roots of American ginseng. Conclusion: We, therefore, hypothesized that cold-induced DNA methylation changes might regulate relative gene expression involving both plant development and plant secondary metabolites in such cold-dependent perennial plant species.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.65-68
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• 1989

Cold hardiness of mulberry graftages was examined with two varieties, Kaeryangppong and Keomseolppong in early December. Exposure temperatures were three levels (-5, -10 and -15$^{\circ}C$) at the 4 exposure times (6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs). No damage showed at -5$^{\circ}C$ for 48 hrs. Survival rate decreased sharply from -10$^{\circ}C$, regardless exposure times. There was no survivals from -10$^{\circ}C$ for 12 hrs in Kaeryangppmong and from -15$^{\circ}C$ for 6 hrs in Keomseolppong. This suggested Keomseolppong was stronger in cold than kaeryangppong. Regrowth decreased drastically from -10$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.963-968
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• 1998

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of cooling hands of feet on human thermoregulation in the cold. Eight young (22$\pm$1 yr) and eight aged (69$\pm$4 yr) men volun-teered as subjects They stayed at 1$0^{\circ}C$ in the supine posture during the experiment which included hands or feet exposure to the air for 20 minutes. Hand Exposure (HE) and Foot Exposure (FE) were conducted in radomized order and the baseline was kept before HE and FE. Core temperatures, limb skin temperatures adn thermal sensations were measured. Obtained data were analyze using t-test and correlation. Rectal and esophageal tem-peratures increased in the young (YG) and in aged (AG). Change rate of esophageal temperature (Tes) was maintained higher during FE than HE while rectal temperature showed no differences between YG and AG, and between HE and FE. Hand and foot skintemperature in YG and AG decreased similarly during HE and Fe. Forearm skin temperature during HE decreased while leg skin temperature during FE showed no change HE and Fe. It was concluded that the lower cooling. Furthermore, the increase of Tes was greater in young men than aged men. It is also suggested that the wearing behavior can be differently modified between young and aged men.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.184-191
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• 2006

Cold Urticaria and Cholinergic Urticaria are considered to be distinct disorders in which mediator release and hives can be induced by different stimulti. While neither cold Urticaria nor cholinergic Urticaria is rare, it is unusual to see both disorders occurring in the same patient. Also, our case presents atypical urtication to cold exposure. similar to classic cholinergic Urticaria lesions, called ‘cold-induced cholinergic urticaria’. a case of It lives from as usual as cold as ice environment and When entering into the warm place, the patient minute when the urticaria appears cold - induced cholinergic Urticaria it suspects, The sasang constitution which will reach the result which it demonstrates medically it got the effect which considers it reports.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.215-220
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• 1987

Under the extreme change of the environment, animals react physiologically to adapt to the stress and secrete catecholamines. Cold exposure is a kind of the environmental stress. Author tried to determine the amount of catecholamines in rat urine as a parameter of physiological response to cold stress. Urinary catecholamine was measured by using HPLC with fluorescence detector, cation exchange column prepacked with Bio·Rex 70 and ammonium pentaborate as catecholamine eluent. The amount of dopaminc in normal state rat urine was 42.0 ng, but under the low temperature of $5^{\circ}C$, the dopamine amount was increased to 221.25 ng/5 ml. Above findings are suggesting that catecholamine secretion, especially dopamine, increases in the stressful condition such as cold exposure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.206-207
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• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.214-215
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• 1989

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1974

The object of this research is aimed to determine the activity of adenyl cyclase in both skeletal muscle sarcolemma and fat cell ghost of epididymal adipose tissue isolated from rats exposed to cold for various length of time in an attempt to evaluate whether the tissue sensitivity to catecholamine is increased when rats are exposed to cold for long periods of time Methods: a)Animals: Albino rats ranging in weight from 150 to 200 gm were used throughout this study. For experimental purposes, the rats are divided into two groups: experimental animals were place4 in a cold room at $4^{\circ}C$, controls being kept at $25^{\circ}C$. At the end of 2, 4, 6, 12, and 16 weeks. exposure to cold the rats were used to measure the adenyl cyclase activity. b) Isolation of plasma membrane from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: The Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle from hind limbs of rats are prepared by the method employed by Rosenthal et at. and fat cell ghost of epididymal adipose tissue of rats by the method employed by Rodbell. c) Adenyl cyclase assay: Adenyl cyclase activity were measured by the method employed by Marinetti et al. Briefly, plasma membrane was incubated with $3^H-ATP$, various amount of noradrenaline and other incubation mixture at $37^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. After stopping the enzyme reaction by immersion in boiling water, carrier 3',5'-AMP was added to the system as a marker and $100\;{\mu}1$ aliquots of incubation mixture were pipetted on $20{\time}20$ Whatman No. 3 MM filter paper for one dimensional chromatography. The cyclic AMP spots were cut off and placed in counting vials containing 10ml of Bray's scintillation cocktail. Radioactivity was determined with a Packard Tri-Carb liquid scintillation counter. The enzyme activity is expressed as nanomoles of cyclic AMP produced per mg of membrane per hour. Result: 1. Average adenyl cyclase activity in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle before and after noradrenaline administration was significantly higher in the cold-exposed rats as compared to the control. Continuous exposure to cold Produced an increased adenyl cyclase activity before and after noradrenaline administration. Adenyl cyclase activity reached peak levels at the 6 weeks exposure to told and level of adenyl cyclase activity remained high. Noradrenaline administration to the incubation medium induced a significant increase in adenyl cyclase activity and the degree of stimulation were proportional to the hormonal concentration But the rate of inclement in adenyl cyclase activity by noradreasline was the same in both groups. 2. Adenyl cyclase activity in fat cell ghost between cold exposed and control rats showed no significant differences before and after noradreualine administration. In summary, it can be concluded that cold adaptation give rise an increased activity of adenyl cyclase in plasma membrane of skeletal muscle in rats.