• Title/Summary/Keyword: cohesive sediments

Search Result 47, Processing Time 0.032 seconds

Characteristics of Suspended Fine-Grained Particles in Settling Columns (침강수주에서 부유된 광물성 미립자의 특성)

  • Kim Jong-Woo;Yoon Sei-Eui;Lee Jong-Tae
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
    • /
    • 2005.05b
    • /
    • pp.393-398
    • /
    • 2005
  • Suspended fine mineral particles are deposited at the areas with low flow velocity and low transportation capacity in rivers, reservoirs and lakes. It can be contaminated by heavy metals. Examples of problem fields art dredging of sediment, water pollutants, and maintenance of navigation channels and construction works. To deal with the settling problems it is necessary to understand tile physico-chemical characteristics of cohesive sediment under varying density of particle and ion addition(NaOH, HCl, NaCl), which is dissolved in river, because fine-grained cohesive sediment can lead to flocculation with the physico-chemical influences and takes different characteristics. Experiments with fresh and saline water are followed with fine-grained sediments(alumina and quartz) in settling columns. Settling velocity of suspended fine particles in still water was measured with a pressure sensor(maximum 10 mbar). Until the initial concentration of 20,000 mg/1 of alumina and quartz the settling velocity was on the increase. Above this initial concentration was it on the decrease. In an acid condition, which causes strong flocculation, average settling velocity of quartz powder was high. In an alkaline water low average settling velocity of it was observed. However, alumina behaved exactly contrarily.

  • PDF

Experiment on Settling Behaviour of Fine Mineral Particles (광물성 미립자의 침전거동에 관한 실험)

  • Kim, Jong-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
    • /
    • v.5 no.1 s.16
    • /
    • pp.13-21
    • /
    • 2005
  • Experiments on settling behaviour of fine-grained particles without destroying the large fragile aggregates were carried out in still water with a CCD (Charged Coupled Device)-Camera. The experiments dealt with the measuring of the vertical concentration profile of cohesive particles with a CCD-Camera and the physico-chemical influences (NaCl, density, temperature and pH value) on the vertical distribution of the concentration. The vertical concentration profile of fine suspended particles (alumina and quartz) was possible up to $20,000\;mg/{\ell}$ with a CCD-Camera. The vertical concentration profile of cohesive sediments was on the decrease because of the increasing initial concentration, temperature and salinity. The vertical concentration profile of alumina was on the decrease quicker than quartz with increasing salinity. Furthermore, the pH value affects the settling behaviour of alumina. At a PH value of 4.2 the settling rate of the particles was very low and on the increase until pH 8.9 because of the aggregation behaviour of particles. From the PH value of 9 the average settling velocity was on the decrease.

Analysis of the transport and sedimentation processes of cohesive and non-cohesive sediments induced into a navigational river (주운하천으로 유입하는 점착성 및 비점착성 유사의 3차원 이송.퇴적 해석)

  • Ryoo, Jae-Il;Chung, Se-Woong;Chung, Jin-Woong;Kim, Hyun-Cheol
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
    • /
    • 2011.05a
    • /
    • pp.183-187
    • /
    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는 3차원 수리해석과 함께 유사의 이송, 침식, 퇴적 현상을 연동하여 모의할 수 있는 유한차분 수치모형인 EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)를 이용하여 주운하천 구간으로 유입되는 다입경 혼합유사의 입경별 시 공간적 퇴적분포 특성을 고찰하고, 하상변동 예측에 있어서 유사의 밀도와 모델의 유한차분 격자 구조에 의한 불확실성 해석을 수행하였다. 유입 유사의 입경별 공간적 퇴적특성은 하천 하류부와 단면 확대부에서 발생하는 3차원적 수리현상과 매우 밀접한 상관성을 보였으며, 굴포천과 합류하는 주운수로 유입부에서는 대부분 입경이 큰 비점착성 유사($63{\mu}m$ 이상)인 사질(sand)입자들이 주로 퇴적되는 것으로 나타났으며, 주운하천 합류부로부터 하류구간까지는 $4\sim63{\mu}m$ 입자의 실트질(silt) 유사가 대부분 이송되어 퇴적되는 것으로 분석되었다. 점착성 유사인 $4{\mu}m$ 이하의 점토(clay)는 단면이 확대되어 유속이 매우 느린 구간이나 사수역을 중심으로 퇴적되는 것으로 나타났다. 단면 횡방향 분포특성은 굴포천과 주운하천이 합류하는 합류부 구간의 주흐름 방향 남쪽에서 흐름의 정체구간이 발생되어 퇴적이 발생하고, 단면 급확대부 양안에서 사수역이 형성되므로 퇴적이 지배적으로 발생되었다. 하상변동 예측의 불확실성 해석을 위해 유사 밀도값에 대한 민감도 분석결과, 하상변동량은 유사밀도($1.3ton/m^3\sim2.65ton/m^3$)가 감소됨에 따라 약 2배까지 증가하는 것으로 분석되어 민감도가 매우 크게 나타났다. 또한 수치격자 구조의 민감도 분석결과, 수층을 3개 층으로 분석한 결과가 단일층 분석결과보다 최대 6배의 하상변동량이 많게 산정되었다. 이는 수심방향의 유속과 부유사 농도의 불균등 분포특성이 실제 자연현상에 더 가깝게 모의되기 때문으로 판단되었다.

  • PDF

Sediment Transport Prediction Model in a Harbor by Finite Element Method (유한요소법(有限尿素法)에 의한 항만(港灣)에서의 토사이송추정모형(土砂移送推定模型))

  • Yoon, Tae Hoon
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
    • /
    • v.2 no.2
    • /
    • pp.19-28
    • /
    • 1982
  • The development of unsteady, depth-averaged two dimensional sediment transport prediction model in estuaries and harbors by the Galerkin finite element technique is presented. The model consists of two submodels, flow induced circulation model and sediment transport model. The sediment transport submodel is formulated by incorporating sediment continuity equation and sediment diffusion equation. Numerical experiments of the model, which were carried out in one dimensional channel under different conditions for circulation and sediment transport, show the adaptability of the formulation for predicting the migration of both cohesive and noncohesive sediments. The model was applied to Busan harbor to simulate circulation and sediment transport for simplified conditions. Of the results by the model the flow pattern are shown to be similar to observed data.

  • PDF

Bio-mediated Flocculation by Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Cohesive Sediment Suspensions: Experimental Study (생체고분자물질이 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Baek, Seung-Ryong;Kim, Jae-In;O, Min-Ji;Lee, Byeong-Jun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
    • /
    • 2015.05a
    • /
    • pp.107-107
    • /
    • 2015
  • 최근 기후변화로 인한 강우강도 증대, 산업화에 따른 토지개발 등으로 인하여 다량의 점착성 부유사(Cohesive Sediments)가 하천, 호소 등 수자원 환경으로 유입되고 있다. 점착성 부유사는 하천, 호소의 난류 조건에 따라 부유하거나 혹은 응집, 침전하여 하상 저니층을 형성한다. 부유사, 미생물 및 각종 유기입자가 포함된 하상 저니층은 검은색으로 외관상 보기 좋지 않을 뿐 아니라, 혐기성상태에서 부패하여 수생태계의 건강성을 해치게 된다. 또한 미세 부유사 및 미생물 입자는 각종 중금속, 유기오염물질을 흡착하고, 조건에 따라 재용출할 수 있는 저장매체로 작용하기 때문에 수자원환경에 미치는 영향이 아주 크다. 특히, 수중 미생물(조류) 작용에 의해 생성되는 EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances)는 부유사 및 미생물 입자들을 서로 엉겨 붙게 하여, 부유사-미생물 혼합 응집체 및 저니층 형성을 가속화하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 EPS가 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여, Xanthan Gum (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)을 EPS의 지표 물질로 사용하고, Kaolinite(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)를 수자원환경에 존재하는 대표적인 부유사로 사용하여 응집실험(Jar Test)을 수행하였다. 이온농도가 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 수체 이온농도를 0.0001M NaCl, 0.001M NaCl, 0.01M NaCl, 그리고 0.001M NaCl + 0.1mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 0.5mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 1.0 mg/L $Ca^{2+}$으로 보정하여 응집실험을 수행하였다. 250 rpm 급속 교반 1븐, 50 rpm 완속교반 5시간, 침잔 1시간 후 응집체를 채취하여 응집체 이미지 분석을 통해 응집체 크기 및 형상을 측정하였고, 수표면 2 cm 지점에서 상등액을 채수하여 잔류 고형물 농도 분석을 실시하였다. 응집실험을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다.. 낮은 이온농도의 경우, EPS가 큰 고분자 구조체에 부유 입자들이 엮어 응집되는 Sweeping Flocculation의 특징을 나타내었다. 하지만, 이온농도가 높아질수록 경우, EPS 고분자 구조체 내부 반발력이 감소하여 크기가 축소되고, 이에 따라 부유 입자 표면에 패치 형태로 흡착되었다. EPS가 패치형태로 입자에 흡착한 경우, 응집제 농도 증가에 따라 응집능 최적점이 형성되고, 이후 표면하전 역전이나 Steric Stabilization에 의해 응집능이 저감되는 형태를 나타낸다. 따라서,수중이온농도가 EPS의 사슬형 고분자 응집제의 크기, 형태(Morphology)를 결정하고, 더 나아가 응집능을 결정하는 중요한 인자로 나타났다. 따라서, 후속 연구를 통하여 생체고분자물질의 크기 및 형태 변화, 이에 따른 응집능변화를 면밀히 연구하고자 한다.

  • PDF

Impacts of wave and tidal forcing on 3D nearshore processes on natural beaches. Part I: Flow and turbulence fields

  • Bakhtyar, R.;Dastgheib, A.;Roelvink, D.;Barry, D.A.
    • Ocean Systems Engineering
    • /
    • v.6 no.1
    • /
    • pp.23-60
    • /
    • 2016
  • The major objective of this study was to develop further understanding of 3D nearshore hydrodynamics under a variety of wave and tidal forcing conditions. The main tool used was a comprehensive 3D numerical model - combining the flow module of Delft3D with the WAVE solver of XBeach - of nearshore hydro- and morphodynamics that can simulate flow, sediment transport, and morphological evolution. Surf-swash zone hydrodynamics were modeled using the 3D Navier-Stokes equations, combined with various turbulence models (${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$, ${\kappa}-L$, ATM and H-LES). Sediment transport and resulting foreshore profile changes were approximated using different sediment transport relations that consider both bed- and suspended-load transport of non-cohesive sediments. The numerical set-up was tested against field data, with good agreement found. Different numerical experiments under a range of bed characteristics and incident wave and tidal conditions were run to test the model's capability to reproduce 3D flow, wave propagation, sediment transport and morphodynamics in the nearshore at the field scale. The results were interpreted according to existing understanding of surf and swash zone processes. Our numerical experiments confirm that the angle between the crest line of the approaching wave and the shoreline defines the direction and strength of the longshore current, while the longshore current velocity varies across the nearshore zone. The model simulates the undertow, hydraulic cell and rip-current patterns generated by radiation stresses and longshore variability in wave heights. Numerical results show that a non-uniform seabed is crucial for generation of rip currents in the nearshore (when bed slope is uniform, rips are not generated). Increasing the wave height increases the peaks of eddy viscosity and TKE (turbulent kinetic energy), while increasing the tidal amplitude reduces these peaks. Wave and tide interaction has most striking effects on the foreshore profile with the formation of the intertidal bar. High values of eddy viscosity, TKE and wave set-up are spread offshore for coarser grain sizes. Beach profile steepness modifies the nearshore circulation pattern, significantly enhancing the vertical component of the flow. The local recirculation within the longshore current in the inshore region causes a transient offshore shift and strengthening of the longshore current. Overall, the analysis shows that, with reasonable hypotheses, it is possible to simulate the nearshore hydrodynamics subjected to oceanic forcing, consistent with existing understanding of this area. Part II of this work presents 3D nearshore morphodynamics induced by the tides and waves.

Impacts of wave and tidal forcing on 3D nearshore processes on natural beaches. Part II: Sediment transport

  • Bakhtyar, R.;Dastgheib, A.;Roelvink, D.;Barry, D.A.
    • Ocean Systems Engineering
    • /
    • v.6 no.1
    • /
    • pp.61-97
    • /
    • 2016
  • This is the second of two papers on the 3D numerical modeling of nearshore hydro- and morphodynamics. In Part I, the focus was on surf and swash zone hydrodynamics in the cross-shore and longshore directions. Here, we consider nearshore processes with an emphasis on the effects of oceanic forcing and beach characteristics on sediment transport in the cross- and longshore directions, as well as on foreshore bathymetry changes. The Delft3D and XBeach models were used with four turbulence closures (viz., ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$, ${\kappa}-L$, ATM and H-LES) to solve the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow as well as the beach morphology. The sediment transport module simulates both bed load and suspended load transport of non-cohesive sediments. Twenty sets of numerical experiments combining nine control parameters under a range of bed characteristics and incident wave and tidal conditions were simulated. For each case, the general morphological response in shore-normal and shore-parallel directions was presented. Numerical results showed that the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ and H-LES closure models yield similar results that are in better agreement with existing morphodynamic observations than the results of the other turbulence models. The simulations showed that wave forcing drives a sediment circulation pattern that results in bar and berm formation. However, together with wave forcing, tides modulate the predicted nearshore sediment dynamics. The combination of tides and wave action has a notable effect on longshore suspended sediment transport fluxes, relative to wave action alone. The model's ability to predict sediment transport under propagation of obliquely incident wave conditions underscores its potential for understanding the evolution of beach morphology at field scale. For example, the results of the model confirmed that the wave characteristics have a considerable effect on the cumulative erosion/deposition, cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport and transport rate across and along the beach face. In addition, for the same type of oceanic forcing, the beach morphology exhibits different erosive characteristics depending on grain size (e.g., foreshore profile evolution is erosive or accretive on fine or coarse sand beaches, respectively). Decreasing wave height increases the proportion of onshore to offshore fluxes, almost reaching a neutral net balance. The sediment movement increases with wave height, which is the dominant factor controlling the beach face shape.