• 혜화의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2011

This study aims to summarize and make a reference of Sagunjatang and Samultang by investigating and comparing the effects of prescriptions. In this process, this review surveyed all papers used Sagunjatang and Samultang in PubMed database and finally 36 papers were included. The publication year, the nations of authors, the type of materials, the formation of experiments, the type of herbal medicine, and their action and mechanisms were analyzed. The number of studies on Sagjunjatang and Samultang has increased since 1990's. The main formation of experiments was in vivo study and the portion was 55%. The proportion of the research using prescriptions was 71%. Sagunjatang was investigated in the field of GI track function, anticancer effect, radioprotective effect and etc. Samultang was studied in the field of anticancer effect, brain cognitive function, anti-inflammatory effect, cell protective effect, and etc. Based on these results, Sagunjatang and Samultang showed the different bioactivities. This study will provide the useful information on differentiation and analysis of the effect of herbal prescriptions by the theory of Korean traditional medicine.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.80-89
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• 2011

Pavlovian fear conditioning has been extensively studied for the understanding of neurobiological basis of memory and emotion. Pavlovian fear conditioning is an associative memory which forms when conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with unconditioned stimulus (US) once or repeatedly. This behavioral model is also important for the understanding of anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Here we describe the neural circuitry involved in fear conditioning and the molecular mechanisms underlying fear memory formation. During consolidation some memories fade out but other memories become stable and concrete. Emotion plays an important role in determining which memories will survive. Memory becomes unstable and editable again immediately after retrieval. It opens the possibility for us of modulating the established fear memory. It provides us with very efficient tools to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy and other exposure-based therapy treating anxiety disorders.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2004

Traumatic brain injury is an insult to the brain caused by an external physical force, that may product a diminished or altered state of consciousness, which results in impairment of cognitive abilities or physical function. The purposes of this study were to overview injury mechanism and neural plasticity of traumatic brain injury. Injury mecanism includes exitotoxicity, production free radical, inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore traumatic brain injury has protective mechanisms includes production of neural growth factor, heat shock protein, anti-inflammatory cytokines.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2009

Taste is associated with hedonic evaluation as well as recognition of quality and intensity. Taste information is sent to the cortical gustatory area in a chemotopical manner to be processed for discrimination of taste quality. It is also conveyed to the reward system and feeding center via the prefrontal cortices. The amygdala, which receives taste inputs, also influences reward and feeding. In terms of neuroactive substances, palatability is closely related to benzodiazepine derivatives and $\beta$-endorphin, both of which facilitate consumption of food and fluid. The reward system contains the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum and finally sends information to the lateral hypothalamic area, the feeding center. The dopaminergic system originating from the ventral tegmental area mediates the motivation to consume palatable food. The actual ingestive behavior is promoted by the orexigenic neuropeptides from the hypothalamus. Even palatable food can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. The brain mechanism of these aspects of taste is elucidated.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.433-449
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• 2002

노인에 있어 낙상 (falls)의 결과는 신체 기능상의 상실을 가져 올 뿐 아니 라 종종 사망에 이르게 하는 원인이 되기도 하여 중대한 건강상의 문제로 다루어지고 있다. 정상적인 노화과정은 감각(sensory)과 운동 (motor)계의 감퇴 그리고 주의력의 쇠퇴와 연관되어 있는데, 노인들은 이러한 감각(sensory)과 운동(motor)계 (system)의 손상으로 여러 가지 자세(posture)와 보행 (walking)등을 수행하는데 어려움을 겪는다. 또한 노화와 관련된 변화들은 자세를 조절 (postural control) 하는데 있어서 주의력 (attention capacity)을 감소시킨다. 이러한 조건 하에서 노인들은 이중과업 (dual task)을 수행하는데 젊은 사랑들보다도 더 많은 어려움을 느끼며 이는 곧바로 낙상 (falls)의 가능성을 증가시키는 중요한 원인이 되고 있다. 이러한 점들을 고려할 때 낙상(falls)을 방지하기 위한 훈련 프로그램 (training program)은 단순한 신체운동(physical exercise) 보다는 자세조절 (postural control)시의 인지시스템 (cognitive system)이 포함된 중추 통합 기전(central integrative mechanisms)을 최적화 (optimize) 시킬 수 있는 방향으로 구성되어야 한다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2009

The modification of proteins by reversible phosphorylation is a key mechanism in the regulation of various physiological functions. Abnormal protein kinase or phosphatase activity can cause disease by altering the phosphorylation of critical proteins in normal cellular and disease processes. Alzheimer' disease (AD), typically occurring in the elderly, is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Accumulating evidence suggests that protein kinase and phosphatase activity are altered in the brain tissue of AD patients. Tau is a highly recognized phosphoprotein that undergoes hyperphosphorylation to form neurofibrillary tangles, a neuropathlogical hallmark with amyloid plaques in AD brains. This study is a brief overview of the altered protein phosphorylation pathways found in AD. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the activities of protein kinases and phosphatases are altered as well as the phosphorylation events in AD can potentially reveal novel insights into the role aberrant phosphorylation plays in the pathogenesis of AD, providing support for protein phosphorylation as a potential treatment strategy for AD.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2002

Personality traits in insomniac patients have been a subject of many studies. A number of these studies have used the MMPI and have demonstrated elevated scores on several clinical scales reflecting somatic concerns, somatization, depression, anxiety, worry and social alienation. And it was suggested that insomnia was due to a process of internalization of psychological distress. Another hypothesis about psychological mechanisms has focused upon worry. Excessive and uncontrollable cognitive activity seem to be a characteristic feature of many insomniacs. One author emphasized the role of the dependency need and found a characteristic pattern among insomniacs. The central feature of this pattern is frustration of dependency need. The purpose of this paper was to review possible personality variable that may be predisposing causal factors of insomnia. Several factors are suggested by many studies, but in order to explore their causal importance other experimental and longitudinal studies are needed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제46권sup1호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2013

Several epidemiological studies have shown that exercise (EX) and physical activity (PA) can prevent or delay the onset of different mental disorders, and have therapeutic benefits when used as sole or adjunct treatment in mental disorders. This review summarizes studies that used EX interventions in patients with anxiety, affective, eating, and substance use disorders, as well as schizophrenia and dementia/mild cognitive impairment. Despite several decades of clinical evidence with EX interventions, controlled studies are sparse in most disorder groups. Preliminary evidence suggests that PA/EX can induce improvements in physical, subjective and disorder-specific clinical outcomes. Potential mechanisms of action are discussed, as well as implications for psychiatric research and practice.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

The high mortality rates associated with acute kidney injury are mainly due to extra-renal complications that occur following distant-organ involvement. Damage to these organs, which is commonly referred to as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, has more severe and persistent effects. The brain and its sub-structures, such as the hippocampus, are vulnerable organs that can be adversely affected. Acute kidney injury may be associated with numerous brain and hippocampal complications, as it may alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Although the pathogenesis of acute uremic encephalopathy is poorly understood, some of the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to hippocampal involvement include the release of multiple inflammatory mediators that coincide with hippocampus inflammation and cytotoxicity, neurotransmitter derangement, transcriptional dysregulation, and changes in the expression of apoptotic genes. Impairment of brain function, especially of a structure that has vital activity in learning and memory and is very sensitive to renal ischemic injury, can ultimately lead to cognitive and functional complications in patients with acute kidney injury. The objective of this review was to assess these complications in the brain following acute kidney injury, with a focus on the hippocampus as a critical region for learning and memory.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are increasingly recognized neuroimaging findings, occurring with cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and aging. CMBs are associated with subsequent hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, and also with an increased risk of cognitive deterioration and dementia. They occur in the setting of impaired small vessel integrity due to hypertension or cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This review summarizes the concepts, cause or risk factors, histopathological mechanisms, and clinical consequences of CMBs.