• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to determine the patterns of differences between genders in science achievement. Eleventh grade, 140 female and male students were sampled from a school in Seoul. According to the analysis results of pilot study, 20 items were finally selected for the main study. To sharpen our interpretations of the factors and provide some confirmation, we supplemented the statistical analysis with a more detailed cognitive study of the items using think-aloud protocols and interviews with student test takers. The analysis of this study took into account the different item formats, contexts, and presentation styles. The findings are as follows: First, there was no significant gender difference between multiple-choice and open-ended items. Second, male students achieved significantly better in the context of everyday life in multiple-choice items. Third, male students favored items presented as written texts. Fourth, in problem-solving process, female students tend to apply their science concepts, whereas male students tend to apply their everyday experiences. The results of this investigation indicate that gender difference in science achievement depends heavily on item characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.535-557
• /
• 2010

Researchers have shown the negative compatibility effect (NCE) consistently using arrows. However, they provided inconsistent interpretations about the reason why the NCE happens. The purpose of the present study is to test the factors suggested to be critical for the NCE including automatic inhibition, updated information and top-down control. Presented with arrays of masked prime and targets composed of colored double-headed arrows, participants demonstrated invulnerable NCE on the basis of direction of arrows in the judgment of direction with corresponding hands (Experiment 1), with reverse-mapping hands (Experiment 2) and even in the color-judgment task (Experiment 3). These results imply that the main sources of NCE might be perceptual dominance and inherent properties of stimuli and responses; this contrasts with previously proposed explanations.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.199-231
• /
• 2010

This study tried to contrast the relation-based and the dimension-based explanations and to suggest its implications on the noun-noun conceptual combination. In experiment 1, we investigated whether the dimension-based approach and intra-conceptual explanation can explain both thematic relational and property interpretations of conceptual combinations based upon the intrinsic and extrinsic features of constituent concepts. We defined intrinsic(or extrinsic) concepts according to the degree of dependency on intrinsic(or extrinsic) features. Property interpretation was facilitated when modifiers were the intrinsic concepts. This result implies that processing of conceptual combination can be influenced by the structures and information of constituent concepts. In experiment 2, exocentricity of the concepts used in Gagne(2000) was examined to reanalyze her data according to the dimension-based approach. The exocentricity was higher when the concepts were combined by their relational connections. Results of experiment 1 and 2 suggest the possibility that both approaches can be integrated through the diversities of information involved during interpreting conceptual combination. Implications and future directions of this study were discussed.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.150-158
• /
• 2021

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to acute bleeding inside the intracranial vault. Not only does this devastating disease record a very high mortality rate, but it can also cause serious chronic impairment of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Therefore, a prompt and professional diagnosis of the disease is highly critical. Noninvasive brain imaging data are essential for clinicians to efficiently diagnose the locus of brain lesion, volume of bleeding, and subsequent cortical damage, and to take clinical interventions. In particular, computed tomography (CT) images are used most often for the diagnosis of ICH. In order to diagnose ICH through CT images, not only medical specialists with a sufficient number of diagnosis experiences are required, but even when this condition is met, there are many cases where bleeding cannot be successfully detected due to factors such as low signal ratio and artifacts of the image itself. In addition, discrepancies between interpretations or even misinterpretations might exist causing critical clinical consequences. To resolve these clinical problems, we developed a diagnostic model predicting intracranial bleeding and its subtypes (intraparenchymal, intraventricular, subarachnoid, subdural, and epidural) by applying deep learning algorithms to CT images. We also constructed a visualization tool highlighting important regions in a CT image for predicting ICH. Specifically, 1) 27,758 CT brain images from RSNA were pre-processed to minimize the computational load. 2) Three different CNN-based models (ResNet, EfficientNet-B2, and EfficientNet-B7) were trained based on a training image data set. 3) Diagnosis performance of each of the three models was evaluated based on an independent test image data set: As a result of the model comparison, EfficientNet-B7's performance (classification accuracy = 91%) was a way greater than the other models. 4) Finally, based on the result of EfficientNet-B7, we visualized the lesions of internal bleeding using the Grad-CAM. Our research suggests that artificial intelligence-based diagnostic systems can help diagnose and treat brain diseases resolving various problems in clinical situations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.3311-3317
• /
• 2010

This study compared South and North Korean broadcasting languages to measure the language differences due to the long segregation. This study would provide fundamental database on the language uses between South and North Korea. The KLIWC analyzed the text that was selected from news clips of South and North Korean broadcasting agencies. The results showed that North Korean languages were significantly different from South in terms of affective, cognitive, and social words. In addition, North Korean broadcasting used more person pronoun and a part of speech than South Korean broadcasting. Psychological interpretations were provided based on the language differences.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.28
• /
• pp.447-475
• /
• 1998

We are seeing a shift of the focus of information service from system-centered(data-centered or intermediary-centered) a n.0, pproach to user-centered a n.0, pproach. Sense-making theory is one of the user- centered a n.0, pproaches. This study focused on user-centered information service paradigm concepts of Dervin's sense-making theory and interpreting sense-making theory in the practical context of library services. The sense-making theory is basically a cognitive a n.0, pproach to information-seeking, in that it recognizes information as something that involves internal cognitive processes. The user of information becomes the focus in this sense-making model. The sense-making theory sees information as subjective, situational, and cognitive. It focuses on understanding information within specific contexts and on understanding how information needs develop and how they are satisfied. It regards the user not as a passive receive of external information but as the center in a active, ongoing process of change. It related to the information needs of users. Dervin's method for studying information needs employs the 'situation-gap-use' metaphor. All information needs stem from a discontinuity or 'gap! in one's knowledge. Dervin believes that information needs can be addressed by understanding the process that each individual goes through in experiencing a gap, in trying to resolve it, and in gaining something (especially new knowledge) from the experience. Sense-making is a process; 'sense' is the product of this process. Sense includes 'knowledge'. However, it includes a host of other subjective factors that reflect an individual's interpretations of a situation including intuitions, opinions, hunches, effective responses, evaluations, questions, etc. For several reasons, however, difficulties are encountered if one attempts a more substantial assessment of the theory. First, it has not yet crystallized into a well-defined theory. Secondly, though the theory has aroused general interest, e.g. within LIS, detailed discussion of its strong and weak points is still lacking. A third source of difficulty is that the basic assumptions of the theory have been explicated metaphorically. If sense-making theory is to be really useful, it needs to be interpreted for library settings. But we have found no attempt to construct an information service based on the theory. Because the research tradition is still relatively young, there are many unanswered questions connected, e.g. with the design of information systems. In any case, e.g. intermediary access systems would be more efficient and effective it their planning could be founded on the user-centered a n.0, pproach.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.243-250
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to discuss the implicit meaning of advertising content with highly persuasive language formats from a communication perspective and its interpretation process in relation to communication education, while simultaneously developing interpretative codes for media literacy education in modern society. For a successful discussion, I assumed the narrative content of advertising content that implements a special purpose as a general conversational act, and raised the issue anew that regularity exists for implicit semantic expressions. It also said that in order for media literacy education in the present society to proceed correctly, linguistic interpretations of implicit meaning cannot be guided as a principle of communication in prior research. As a solution, we confirm that socio-cultural sharing knowledge and recognition are essential interpretation codes. For further discussion, the analysis of advertising media languages with special purposes in terms of language usage was conducted to verify the process of interpreting the implicit meaning shown in them. After analyzing the implicit advertising language that I arbitrarily typified, I found that the linguistic meaning implicit with the intention of persuading the speaker can be provided mostly as media literacy education as a framework for analysis by various information and cognitive effects. In other words, acceptors should not perform only literal interpretations in the process of interpreting the implicit meaning inherent in the media language. If guided by including native language materials and background knowledge, socio-cultural customs, and general common knowledge, efficient media literacy education can be expected.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.403-414
• /
• 2011

The current study examined brain regions associated with aesthetic experience to fractal images using functional MRI. The aesthetic estimations of the images showed that there is a general consensus regarding the perception of beautiful images. Out of 270 fractal images, fifty images rated highest(beautiful images) and fifty images rated lowest(non-beautiful images) were selected and presented to the participants. The two conditions were presented using the block design. Frontal lobes, cingulate gyri, and insula, the areas related to the cognitive and emotional processing in aesthetic experience, were activated when beautiful images were presented. In contrast, the middle occipital gyri and precuneus, the areas associated with experience of negative emotions, were activated when non-beautiful images were presented. The conjunction analysis showed activations in temporal areas in response to beautiful images and activations in parietal areas in response to non-beautiful images. These results indicate that beautiful images elicit semantic interpretations whereas non-beautiful images facilitate abstract processes.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.305-310
• /
• 2006

The color and structure of urban constructions is a factor of urban landscape and shows their characteristics. Hence the modern buildings deal with their materials and external appearance as an important factor, making up the urban image. But it was nearby impossible to evaluate the value of visual landscape with objective measuring method. Most of all, it depends on the subjective estimation of a few talented or high educated experts with a sense of beauty. Such kinds of estimation can in some cases include arbitrary interpretations. In relation to this kind of problems, it is tried here in this study to analyse the human response of brain wave pattern (EEG) with use of SD method, while the tested persons watch the urban landscape scenery constructed in a visual reality. The tested persons were 20 adult male and female with no color blindness and intact cognitive function. Light source with color filter was used for color environment in a dark soundproof chamber. The signal of EEG is analysed digitally and grouped into the ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ waves. The result showed that relative power of ${\alpha}$ wave ratio increased in the natural landscape scenery with blue and green color. From these results it was possible to evaluate the human response, which is affected by urban and natural color and structure stimulation and it might be useful as an indicator of visual cognition amenity toward the design of urban construction environment.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2016

In recent years, there were frequent exogenous contagious diseases in Eastasia like SARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome), Avian influenza, Swine influenza, MERS etc. But there are various interpretations about their pathological differentiations and lead to controversy to diagnosis and medicinal use. So there needs universal and consistent understanding methods. Several conclusions are obtained from the research on differentiation theories of various epidemic diseases. Essential elements of differential diagnostic system are pathogen, characters and matters of disease and loci, especially three yin and three yang has close affinity with constitutional features or body shape. Binding these 3 categories, an integrated differentiation 3 dimensional coordinates are made. Out of these, each elements of 3 pathogen-axial lines are related with names of exogenous disease, and those of 3 feature-axial lines are related with 8 principal patterns. And those of 3 locus-axial lines implicating therapeutic method are related with steps and location of exterior and interior, 3 yin 3 yang, Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood, five viscera and six bowels and tissues. Additionally, 3 lines of each axis consist of factors which have their own affinity each other, so classification of pathogen, feature, locus of disease has layered interconnectedness. This classification system is included in constitutional features of individual patient. Afterwards, these cognitive structure can be used as a general theory guiding method of therapy, prevention and aftercure healthcare.