• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2003

Up to these days, hotels are assumed to compete each other. Due to the spread of high quality the hotel buffet restaurants have begun to face an intensive competition. Hotel Buffet Restaurant have become the more competitive along with fund, good price, service, quality food, and management know-how. It causes the hotel restaurants confront with management difficulties. In order to overcome the management difficulties, hotel buffet restaurants have to improve their marketing abilities and especially to improve their service quality. For this, it is necessary for hotel buffet restaurants to investigate how their service providers and receivers recognize their service quality. In this research, we examined the cognitive three types of cognitive gaps among customers, service providers, and managers both on the service quality and on the positioning of hotel buffet restaurants. Their cognitive gaps proved negatively correlated with hotel's performance. This research suggests the fellowing findings. Firstly, the competitiveness of hotel buffet restaurant depends on the accurate communication and consensus among managers, service providers, and customers. Secondly, using the information about cognitive gaps recognized, each hotel buffet restaurant should develop concrete marketing plans and strategies with a careful consideration about its current competitive position and management condition.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.37-58
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• 2002

Up to these days, hotels are assumed to compete each other. Due to the spread of high quality the hotel restaurants have begun to face an intensive competition. Hotel food at Beverage have become the more competitive along with fund, good price, service, quality food, and management know-how. It causes the hotel restaurants confront with management difficulties. In order to overcome the management difficulties, hotel restaurants have to improve their marketing abilities and especially to improve their service quality. For this, it is necessary fur hotel restaurants to investigate how their service providers and receivers recognize their service quality. In this research, we examined the cognitive three types of cognitive gaps among customers, service providers, and managers both on the service quality and on the positioning of hotel restaurants. Their cognitive gaps proved negatively correlated with hotel's performance. This research suggests the following findings. Firstly, the competitiveness of hotel restaurant depends on the accurate communication and consensus among managers, service providers, and customers. Secondly, using the information about cognitive gaps recognized, each hotel restaurant should develop concrete marketing plans and strategies with a careful consideration about its current competitive position and management condition.

• Journal of the Korea Management Engineers Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.179-195
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• 2018

So far, the evaluation of machine translation has used a numerical approach, but there is evidence that it is not sufficient to reflect the characteristics or behavior of machine translation users(Hutchins, 2007; Wu et al., 2016; Park et al., 2013). Therefore, this study focused on the purpose of use and purchasing behavior of machine translation users. At this time, the indirect comparison method introduced by Morgan and Hunt(1994) was used to measure cognitive gaps and analyze the purchasing behavior of users. According to the analysis of association rules using cognitive gaps, the smaller the cognitive gap, the more positive the purchase behavior. In addition, procedural knowledge derived from language knowledge is activated in situations involving responsibility, and in routine situations, procedural knowledge trained from pragmatic knowledge works.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.18-25
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate cognitive gap between users and architectural experts for architectural planning of elementary schools to support effective decision-makings. For this study, each architectural factor was selected from the journals published by Korean Institute of Education Facilities(KIEF) from 2000 to 2004. Among these factors, the priority planning factors were decided through Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). The results of this study showed users' emphasis on the amenities of physical environment such as orientation, ventilation, noise, view, but experts' preference on spatial composition of space and function such as orientation, circulation, zoning, parking lot, courtyard. This difference shows clear cognitive gaps between two groups and also suggests factors required to be considered to develop effective decision-making in elementary school planning.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.160-172
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop a successful strategy that can satisfy customer needs effectively based on the recognition of cognitive gaps toward the Internet shopping mall between managers and customers. Internet shopping mall becomes a main cyber space for future shopping, Despite some pessimistic view on the future of cyber shopping, the amount of purchase in Internet shopping has increased continuously and dramatically. In order to compare and analyze the cognitive difference between managers and customers, this study investigates the view of managers as Internet shopping mall operators as well as that of customers. Questionnaires and brief interviews were carried out to collect empirical data. Empirical results find the significant cognitive gap in the perception of importance of factors affecting shopping malls between managers and customers. After analysing the empirical data with statistical methods, this study finds that six of nine factors show significantly different views in perception of Internet shopping mall between managers and customers. The findings of this study can be employed to implement an Internet shopping mall strategy to better serve customer needs and requirements to gain competitive advantage in this emerging market with growing competition.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.710-718
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• 2012

The implementation of a common control channel is one of the most challenging issues in cognitive radio networks, since a fully reliable control channel cannot be created without reserving bandwidth specifically for this purpose. In this paper, we investigate a promising solution that exploits the ultra wide band (UWB) technology to let cognitive radio nodes discover each other and exchange control information for establishing a communication link. The contribution of this paper is threefold: (i) We define the communication protocol needed to let cognitive radio nodes discover each other and exchange control information for link set up, (ii) we overcome the gap in coverage, which typically exists between UWB and long-medium range technologies, by using multi-hop communication, (iii) we evaluate the performance of our approach by adopting an accurate channel model and show its benefits with respect to an in-band signaling solution.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.91-98
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• 2023

Construction accidents result from a combination of factors, including both the actions of workers and the safety conditions on site. Despite advancements in enhancing construction site safety, there remains a gap in comprehending the cognitive processes underlying workers' unsafe behavior. This paper investigates and validates a qualitative model that delves into the potential causes of workers' unsafe actions by examining their cognitive processes, employing a system dynamics approach. By analyzing the interplay of various loops within this model, it offers both short- and long-term safety strategies for managers intent on minimizing unsafe behavior among workers. Specifically, safety managers should prioritize increasing workers' awareness of hazards through education and fostering a positive safety mindset. Moreover, they should task frontline supervisors with directly addressing and rectifying instances of unsafe behavior by workers. Lastly, construction safety managers ought to formulate safety strategies that take into account the cognitive states of workers to mitigate any adverse consequences of biased safety management. The outcomes of this research contribute to our comprehension of methods to enhance hazard perception among workers, curtail unsafe actions, and ultimately reduce construction accidents from a cognitive standpoint.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2007

Recently, various devices requiring text input such as mobile phone IPTV, PDA and UMPC are emerging. The frequency of text entry for them is also increasing. This study was focused on the evaluation of Korean text entry interface. Various models to evaluate text entry interfaces have been proposed. Most of models were based on human cognitive process for text input. The cognitive process was divided into two components; visual scanning process and finger movement process. The time spent for visual scanning process was modeled as Hick-Hyman law, while the time for finger movement was determined as Fitts' law. There are three questions on the model-based evaluation of text entry interface. Firstly, are human cognitive processes (visual scanning and finger movement) during the entry of text sequentially occurring as the models. Secondly, is it possible to predict real text input time by previous models. Thirdly, does the human cognitive process for text input vary according to users' text entry speed. There was time gap between the real measured text input time and predicted time. The time gap was larger in the case of participants with high speed to enter text. The reason was found out investigating Eye-Hand Coordination during text input process. Differently from an assumption that visual scan on the keyboard is followed by a finger movement, the experienced group performed both visual scanning and finger movement simultaneously. Arrival Lead Time was investigated to measure the extent of time overlapping between two processes. 'Arrival Lead Time' is the interval between the eye fixation on the target button and the button click. In addition to the arrival lead time, it was revealed that the experienced group uses the less number of fixations during text entry than the novice group. This result will contribute to the improvement of evaluation model for text entry interface.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Firefighters wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for protection from environmental hazards. However, due to the layers of protective functions, the PPE inevitably adds excessive weight, bulkiness, and thermal stress to firefighters. This study investigated the adverse impact of wearing PPE as an occupational stressor on the firefighter's cognitive functioning. Twenty-three firefighters who had been involved in firefighting at least for 1 year were recruited. The overall changing trend in the firefighter's cognitive functioning (short-term memory, long-term memory, and inductive reasoning) was measured by the scores of three standardized cognitive tests at the baseline and the follow-up, after participating in a moderate-intensity physical activity, wearing a full ensemble of the PPE. The study findings evinced the negative impact of the PPE on the firefighter's cognitive functioning, especially in short-term memory and inductive reasoning. No significant influence was found on the firefighter's long-term memory. The results were consistent when the participant's age and BMI were controlled. The outcomes of the present study will not only fill the gap in the literature, but also provide critical justification to stakeholders, including governments, policymakers, academic communities, and industry, for such efforts to improve human factors of the firefighter's PPE by realizing the negative consequences of the added layers and protective functions on their occupational safety. Study limitations and future directions were also discussed.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test is a clinically effective measure of the integrity of the central auditory nervous system. The GIN procedure can be applied to a pediatric population above 7 years of age. The present study conducted the GIN test to compare the abilities of auditory temporal resolution among typically developing children, children with speech sound disorder (SSD), and children with cognitive difficulty (CD). Subjects and Methods: Children aged 8 to 11 years-(total n=30) participated in this study. There were 10 children in each of the following three groups: typically developing children, children with SSD, and children with CD. The Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology was conducted as a clinical assessment of the children's articulation and phonology. The Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) was administered as a screening test for general cognitive function. According to the procedure of Musiek, the pre-recorded stimuli of the GIN test were presented at 50 dB SL. The results were scored by the approximated threshold and the overall percent correct score (%). Results: All the typically developing children had normal auditory temporal resolution based on the clinical cutoff criteria of the GIN test. The children with SSD or CD had significantly reduced gap detection performance compared to age-matched typically developing children. The children's intelligence score measured by the K-WISC-III test explained 37% of the variance in the percent-correct score. Conclusions: Children with SSD or CD exhibited poorer ability to resolve rapid temporal acoustic cues over time compared to the age-matched typically developing children. The ability to detect a brief temporal gap embedded in a stimulus may be related to the general cognitive ability or phonological processing.