• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.5
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• pp.209-242
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• 2002

Bibliographical Description for Revolutionary Historical Archives is created to describe records at the item level. It defines descriptive elements, punctuations, formats and methods. Descriptive elements are composed of 20 elements, each of which is either mandatory or optional. Mandatory elements are: repositories codes, documents codes, dates, creators, title, classification codes, and subject vocabularies. Abstracts were previously included in card cataloging and are removed in the computerized system. New elements, such as "uncontrolled vocabularies," "name of places," "personal names," "organizational structures" and "meetings," are added to allow keyword search. Considering that subject vocabulary searches are the most important in computerized systems, however, Guidelines for the Subject Indexing for Revolutionary Historical Archives as well as Subject Headings, as a result from the Guidelines, are created. The most extraordinary features in Chinese archival description are said to be the Guidelines for the Classification Indexing for Revolutionary Historical Archives and Materials as well as the Classification Scheme, both of which are created to allow subject search of records content. It is because Chinese practice of records management distinguishes the classification for arrangement from that for retrieval. Chinese archival description is, therefore, composed of bibliographic description rules, subject headings, and the classification scheme for retrieval.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-88
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• 2008

A number of construction practices, implemented during the design process of a reinforced concrete (RC) structural system, may have significant consequences on the behaviour of the structural system in the case of earthquake loading. Although a number of provisions are imposed by the contemporary Greek national design codes for the seismic design of RC structures, in order to reduce the consequences, the influence of the construction practices on the seismic behaviour of the structural system remains significant. The objective of this work is to perform a comparative study in order to examine the influence of three, often encountered, construction practices namely weak ground storey, short and floating columns and two combinations on the seismic performance of the structural system with respect to the structural capacity and the maximum interstorey drifts in three earthquake hazard levels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.21-22
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• 2023

In reinforced concrete constructions, reinforcing bar generates more CO₂ per unit weight than other construction materials. In particular, cutting and bending rebar is the main source of rebar waste in the construction industry. Rebar-cutting waste is inevitable during the construction of a reinforced concrete structure since the rebar is not manufactured as designed. Large amounts of waste can be avoided by utilizing optimal cutting patterns and schedules. This research provides a fundamental analysis of the automatic calculation of column rebar length using BIM-based shape codes to minimize cutting waste to near zero. By employing this approach in practice, it is possible to minimize the rate of rebar-cutting waste, reduce costs, shorten construction duration, and reduce CO₂ emissions. In addition, the development of this research will serve as a clue for the development of BIM-based rebar layout automation algorithms.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2008

Seismic design of reinforced concrete flat plate structures is often complicated as it deals with three dimensionality and continuous spans, and mostly material complexity and reinforcement variation. A great degree of uncertainty in such structural and material properties is thus inherent in the RC flat plate systems, and hinders simplification of the design process in terms of slab flexure, unbalanced moment transfer at a slab-column connection, and punching shear. For these reasons, there have been substantial changes and updates in building codes relating to flat plates and slab-column connections over a handful of decades. Also, for the same reason, some of codes never have been revised. As a consequence of nonsimultaneous development of each provision, it tends to confuse structural engineers when using a mixture of all different US code provisions. In this paper, in the step-by-step logical order, seismic design of the RC flat plate systems is re-organized and clarified to make it easier to apply. Furthermore, recent changes or proposed changes are introduced, and are explained as to how it will apply in practice.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2006

With the advent of inexpensive computing power over the past two decades, applications of Monte Carlo radiation transport techniques have proliferated dramatically. At Los Alamos, the Monte Carlo codes MCNP5 and MCNPX are used routinely on personal computer platforms for radiation shielding analysis and dosimetry calculations. These codes feature a rich palette of variance reduction (VR) techniques. The motivation of VR is to exchange user efficiency for computational efficiency. It has been said that a few hours of user time often reduces computational time by several orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, user time can stretch into the many hours as most VR techniques require significant user experience and intervention for proper optimization. It is the purpose of this paper to outline VR strategies, tested in practice, optimized for several common radiation shielding tasks, with the hope of reducing user setup time for similar problems. A strategy is defined in this context to mean a collection of MCNP radiation transport physics options and VR techniques that work synergistically to optimize a particular shielding task. Examples are offered in the areas of source definition, skyshine, streaming, and transmission.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand and describe difficulties and needs experienced by head nurses in the clinical practice education of nursing students. Methods: A qualitative descriptive method was employed. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit participants from four hospitals in South Korea. Twenty-one head nurses participated in the first interview and 17 of them participated in the second interview. Data were collected through two in-depth interviews and field notes were written. Qualitative content analysis method was utilized for data analysis using ATLAS.ti 6.2 software. Results: Thirty-one codes and twelve categories were identified. Four themes emerged from data analysis, which included 'too many tasks', 'limitations of student education', 'many differences', and 'lack of support and resources.' Conclusion: This qualitative study described head nurses' many difficulties and needs in the clinical practice education of nursing students. The results of this study provide valuable understanding and knowledge of head nurses' experiences in students' clinical education, which leads to improvement of the quality of clinical education for nursing students.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.116-136
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• 2009

Since there are differences in the content, structure and functions of interpersonal communication during the practice of school science classes, it needs to articulate the difference of the modality of pedagogical practice in order to understand science teaching in detail. These characteristics of science teaching can be investigated by further insightful analysis on language in the science classroom. In this study, classroom discourse language codes using Bernstein's code theory were analyzed in the case of a middle school science class on the unit of minerals. The discourse language code was identified by the value of classification, which revealed power relations to the contexts of discourse and participants of discourse. It was also identified by the value of framing, which showed hierarchical relation between teacher and students as discourse subjects, and discursive control on the initiative of discourse. The results addressed that six types of discourse language codes were constructed and that those language codes reflected diverse modalities of science teaching from student-centered instruction to teacher-centered instruction in relation to classroom discourse. The modality of science teaching according to the transition tendencies of discourse language code showed dynamic variations of 'controlled student-centeredness inducing teaching' - 'positional student-centeredness permissive teaching' - 'controlled students' participation permissive teaching' - 'controlled student-centeredness facilitative teaching' - 'student-centeredness enhancing teaching'. In addition, results released that discursively and hierarchically weak control of discourse is necessary for enhancing student-centeredness of science teaching. Moreover, teaching practice enhancing student-centeredness can be accomplished by the harmony of a teacher's perception of discourse language code and his/her orientation to constructivist teaching and student-centered teaching.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-129
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• 1993

This study is designed to find out some intra-clinic factors affecting the content of practice provided by primary care physicians in Korea, and proposed factors in this study are characteristcs of each private clinc --- physician-related variables(age, sex, specialty), bfed-related variables for inpatient care, laboratory-related variables for precise diagnosis. We have tried to estimate the difference of disease entities cared by each primary care physician according to above factors by analyzin gdisease data claimed during one month(April, 1992) to National Federation of Medical Insurance. The diagnosis codes by ICD-9 in the research disease data were reclassified to 'diagnosis clusters' by virtue of clinical similarities for effective analyses. We have converted frequent-tsing ICD-9 codes to 86 diagnosis clusters, which incorporated 97.4 percents of all ambulatory visits to private clinics. This result means proposed diagnosis-cluster method is effective tool for analysis of the content of ambulatory medical care carried out by primary care physicians. Comparisons and analyses of multiple diagnosis-clusters made on the basis of presented factors were done and the results were as follows; - Major factors affecting the difference between diagnosis-cluster pattern by each variables were phyusician's age, sex, specialty and bed counts of each private clinic for inpatient care and the size of laboratories of each clinic. - Middle aged(30th to 40th) group physicians are providing more comprehensive care than 20th or above 50th aged groups. Male physicians are more adequate for comprehensive care than female physicians, because woman-doctors are providing narrow-spectrum care. The content of practice of obstetricians and gynecologists shows much difference from primary medical practice, and they cannot be included in primary care physician, this study suggested. Pediatricians are also providing short-spectum acre, and nearly all visits to pediatricians were incorporated only 2-3 diagnosis-clusters. General surgeons' practices are very similar to general practioners' or family physicians' practices, the means they are providing primary care rather than special surgical care. And small number of beds(under 5 beds) and only basic(2-3 sorts of)diagnostic apparatuses are sufficient for primary physicians' clinic to carry out primary care. In conclusion, to reinforce primary care department in Korea, there must be support with health policy to expand office-based primary care practice-- with small number of beds for inpatient care and only basic laboratories-- provided by general practitioner of family physician.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.643-659
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• 2011

The design of box girders requires the determinations the buckling stress of the flange and the webs. Existing design equations available in codes of practice ignore the interactions between the box girder components. The paper illustrates the influence of the geometric interaction on the buckling stress of box girders. Generalized equations are first derived in terms of the web the flange geometric properties. Industrial examples are then presented showing the variation of the flange buckling stress for various stiffening configurations. The influence of the flange/web proportions on the buckling stress of box girder components is also highlighted. It is shown that buckling strength of the flange is largely affected by the restraints imposed by the webs or attached diaphragms. Graphs are presented showing various limiting states of box girders. These graphs are useful to use in practice in order to achieve economical and efficient design of box girders and rationally predict local buckling stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.19
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• pp.113-149
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• 1990

The RAK has in general adopted the provisions of the paris principles to a far greater extent than many other cataloguing codes. And the analyses confirm that the determination of the main entries in German cataloging rules is a rather complex process and one which can result in inconsistent, arbitrary decisions. And the selection of the main entry requires a considerable amount of decision making which is time-consuming and costly. From the point of view of computers, all entries are equal as points of retrieval. In light of the above considerations the most important recommendation to be made is that the main entry principle be abandoned from cataloging theory and practice and be replaced by the title entry. It would eliminate the need for personal judgments required by the present rule. In so doing, it would bring uniformity and Standardization to cataloging practice. Use of the title entry would reduce the time and effort spent on the selection of the main entry which serves no important purpose in the catalog. Therefore title entry is more developed finding device than author entry in direct approach for document retrieval.