• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.234-242
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• 2003

The full energy peak efficiency of a hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was calibrated in a wide energy range from 0.06 to 11 MeV. Both the experimental technique and the Monte Carlo method were used for the efficiency calibration. The measurement was performed using the standard radioisotopes in the low energy region of $60{\sim}1408$ keV, which was further extended up to 11 MeV by using the $^{14}N(n,r)\;and\;^{35}Cl(n,r)$ reactions. The GEANT Monte Carlo code was used for efficiency calculation. The calculated efficiency had the same dependency on the r-ray energy with the measurement, and the discrepancy between the calculation and the measurement was minimized by fine-tuning of the detector geometry. From the calculated result, the efficiency curve of the HPGe detector was reliably determined particularly in the high energy region above several MeV, where the number of measured efficiency points is relatively small despite the wide energy region. The calculated efficiency agreed with the measurement within about $7\%$. In addition to the efficiency calculation, the origin of the local minimum near 600 keV on the efficiency curve was analyzed as a general characteristics of a HPGe detector.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권11호
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• pp.4220-4225
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• 2022

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are increasingly being used as an alternative or supplement to the gamma spectrometric method in determining the full energy peak efficiency (FEPE) necessary for radionuclide identification and quantification. The MC method is more advantageous than the experimental method in terms of both cost and time. Experimental calibration with standard sources is difficult, especially for specimens with unusually shaped geometries. However, with MC, efficiency values can be obtained by modeling the geometry as desired without using any calibration source. Modeling the detector with the correct parameters is critical in the MC method. These parameters given to the user by the manufacturer are especially the dimensions of the crystal and its front edge, the thickness of the dead layer, dimensions, and materials of the detector components. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the front edge geometry of the detector crystal on efficiency, so the effect of rounded and sharp modeled front edges on the FEPE was investigated for <300 keV with three different HPGe detectors in point and volume source geometries using PHITS MC code. All results showed that the crystal should be modeled as a rounded edge, especially for gamma-ray energies below 100 keV.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.61-68
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• 1986

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 구조(構造)에 대하여 확률이론(確率理論)에 기초(基礎)한 허용응력(許容應力) 설계규준(設計規準)의 개발(開發)을 위한 방법(方法)을 제시(提示)하였다. 철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 구조부재(構造部材)의 신뢰성지수(信賴性指數)는 AFOSM 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석법(解析法)을 사용하여 계산(計算)하였으며, 또한 시방서(示方書) 신뢰성(信賴性) 검정(檢定)의 실용적(實用的) 방법(方法)을 제시(提示)하였다. 각(各) 구조요소별(構造要素別) 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數)는 현행(現行) 규준(規準)에 의해 설계(設計)된 구조물(構造物)의 안전성(安全性)에 관한 수치적(數値的) 연구결과(硏究結果)를 고려하고 또 현(現) 실정(實情)을 반영하여 결정(決定)되었다. 현행(現行) WSD 안전규정(安全規正)을 대치(代置) 사용(使用) 가능토록 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 합리적(合理的) 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數)에 기초(基礎)하여 R.C. 각(各) 구조요소별(構造要素別) 허용응력(許容應力) 및 안전계수(安全係數)를 제안(提案)하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.219-229
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• 2017

A watershed-river linked modeling system was developed to forecast the water quality, particularly weekly changes in chlorophyll-a concentration, of the Yeongsan River, Korea. Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) and Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) were adopted as the basic model framework. In this study, the EFDC model was modified to effectively simulate the operational condition and flow of multi-functional weirs constructed in the main channel of rivers. The model was tested against hydrologic, water quality and algal data collected at the right upstream sites of two weirs in 2014. The mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the model calibration on the annual variations of river stage, TN, TP, and algal concentration are 0.03 ~ 0.10 m, 0.65 ~ 0.67 mg/L, 0.03 ~ 0.04 mg/L, and $9.7{\sim}10.8mg/m^3$, respectively. On the other hand, the MAE values of forecasting results for chlorophyll-a level at the same sites in 2015 range from 18.7 to $22.4mg/m^3$, which are higher than those of model calibration. The increased errors in forecasting are mainly attributed to the higher uncertainties of weather forecasting data compared to the observed data used in model calibration.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 국내에서 연구가 미약했었던 중성자검층 수치모델링을 이용하여 다양한 시추공 환경에서의 검출기 반응을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 중성자검층 환경을 MCNP 알고리듬으로 구현하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. MCNP 알고리듬은 방사선 수송 시뮬레이션이 및 3차원 기하구조 표현이 가능하여 다양한 분야에서 전세계적으로 많이 이용되고 있다. 먼저 시뮬레이션 결과를 검증하기 위해, 기존 연구의 검출기반응 결과 그래프를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 중성자 검층 반응 분석이 가능한 중성자 검층기의 일반적인 특징에 기초하여 수학적으로 중성자검층기 모형을 구성하여 반응을 계산하였다. 먼저, 석회암, 사암, 돌로마이트 등과 같은 매질에서 공극률을 다양하게 변화시켜 가며 수치 계산함으로써, 이 연구에서 고려하고 있는 중성자검층기의 교정곡선(calibration chart)을 도출하였다. 이에 기초하여, 실제 중성자검층 시 고려해야 할 공내수 유무에 의한 반응 변화, 염수가 중성자검층에 미치는 영향 등을 분석함으로써 시추공 환경 변화에 따라 보다 정확하게 공극률을 해석할 수 있는 기틀을 마련하고자 한다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.261-291
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• 2016

This paper deals with the seismic assessment of a real RC frame building located in Italy, designed according to the current Italian seismic code. The first part of the paper deals with the calibration of the structural model of the investigated building. The results of an in-situ dynamic identification test are employed in a sensitivity and parametric study in order to find the best fit model in terms of frequencies and modal shapes. In the second part, the safety of the structure is evaluated by means of nonlinear static analyses, taking into account the results of the previous dynamic study. In order to investigate the influence of the infills on the seismic response of the structure, the nonlinear static analyses are performed both neglecting and taking into account the infill panels. The infill panels differently change the behavior of the structure in terms of strength and stiffness at different seismic intensity levels. The assessment study also verifies the absence of brittle failures in structural elements, which could be caused by either the local interaction with infills or the failure of the strength hierarchy.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2017

In this paper, the effect of normal load on the failure mechanism of echelon joint has been studied using PFC2D. In the first step, calibration of PFC was undertaken with respect to the data obtained from experimental laboratory tests. Then, six different models consisting various echelon joint were prepared and tested under two low and high normal loads. Furthermore, validation of the simulated models were cross checked with the results of direct shear tests performed on non-persistent jointed physical models. The simulations demonstrated that failure patterns were mostly influenced by normal loading, while the shear strength was linked to failure mechanism. When ligament angle is less than $90^{\circ}$, the stable crack growth length is increased by increasing the normal loading. In this condition, fish eyes failure pattern occur in rock bridge. With higher ligament angles, the rock bridge was broken under high normal loading. Applying higher normal loading increases the number of fracture sets while dilation angle and mean orientations of fracture sets with respect to ligament direction will be decreased.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2016

This paper considers the tensile strength of concrete samples in direct, CTT, modified tension, splitting and ring tests using both of the experimental tests and numerical simulation (particle flow code 2D). It determined that which one of indirect tensile strength is close to direct tensile strength. Initially calibration of PFC was undertaken with respect to the data obtained from Brazilian laboratory tests to ensure the conformity of the simulated numerical models response. Furthermore, validation of the simulated models in four introduced tests was also cross checked with the results from experimental tests. By using numerical testing, the failure process was visually observed and failure patterns were watched to be reasonable in accordance with experimental results. Discrete element simulations demonstrated that the macro fractures in models are caused by microscopic tensile breakages on large numbers of bonded discs. Tensile strength of concrete in direct test was less than other tests results. Tensile strength resulted from modified tension test was close to direct test results. So modified tension test can be a proper test for determination of tensile strength of concrete in absence of direct test. Other advantages shown by modified tension tests are: (1) sample preparation is easy and (2) the use of a simple conventional compression press controlled by displacement compared with complicate device in other tests.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2016

열전 변환 에너지 하베스팅을 위한 저 전력 부스트 컨버터에 사용하는 새로운 Zero Current Sensor (ZCS)를 이 논문에서 제안한다.새로 제안하는 ZCS를 사용하는 Zero Current Switching은 기존 방식인 아날로그 비교기를 사용한 Zero Current Switching방식 보다 파워 측면에서 큰 장점을 보이고 기존의 다른 방식인 딜레이 라인을 이용하는 Zero Current Switching 방식보다 면적에서 큰 장점을 보인다. 새로운 ZCS는 기존의 아날로그 비교기에 고의적으로 offset을 발생시키고 offset의 양을 digital code로 calibration 하여 출력이 나오는 시간을 조절한다. 새로운 ZCS를 이용한 Zero Current Switching은 기존의 아날로그 비교기를 이용한 Zero Current Switching 보다 대략 10배정도 적은 파워를 사용하면서 같은 성능을 보인다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.778-784
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• 2016

HyperGam-U was recently developed to determine uranium enrichment based on ${\gamma}$- and X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The $XK_{\alpha}$ region of the uranium spectrum contains 13 peaks for $^{235}U$ and $^{238}U$ and is used mainly for analysis. To describe the X-ray peaks, a Lorentzian broadened shape function was used, and methods were developed to reduce the number of fitting parameters for decomposing the strongly overlapping peaks using channel-energy, energy-width, and energy-efficiency calibration functions. For validation, eight certified reference material uranium samples covering uranium enrichments from 1% to 99% were measured using a high-resolution planar high-purity germanium detector and analyzed using the HyperGam-U code. When corrections for the attenuation and true coincidence summing were performed for the detection geometry in this experiment, the goodness of fit was improved by a few percent. The enrichment bias in this study did not exceed 2% compared with the certified values for all measured samples.