• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.330-336
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• 2020

Ex-situ conservation of the ornamental and medicinal orchid, Coelogyne stricta, was performed by mass propagation using seed culture. Propagation stages were optimized using full- and half-strength solidified MS medium with different phytohormones. Maximum seed germination (88 ± 0.5% over 6 weeks of culture) was achieved on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 15% coconut water. Maximum shoot numbers were found on full-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, 2 mg/L Kinetin, and 10% coconut water, while the longest root was developed on full-strength MS medium with 1.5 mg/L IBA. A 2:1:1 combination of coco-peat, pine bark, and sphagnum moss was found to be a suitable potting mixture resulting in 80% seedling survivability. The cytotoxic activity of extracts of both wild plants and in vitro-developed protocorms was determined using an MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on a cervical cancer cell line. The wild plant extract inhibited the growth of 41.99% of cells, showing that this extract has moderate cytotoxic activity toward cervical cancer cells.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.453-459
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• 2019

In this study, the influence factors on the stability of the O/W (oil in water) emulsions prepared with coconut oil and the nonionic mixed surfactant (Tween 80-Span 80) were evaluated. The concentration and HLB value of the nonionic mixed surfactant, and the degree of agitation were used as manufacture factors. The stability of prepared O/W emulsions were measured with the mean droplet size, zeta-potential, emulsion stability index (ESI), and thermal instability index (TII). The mean droplet size of the prepared O/W emulsions was from 100 to 200 nm. As the concentration of mixed surfactant and the homogenization speed increased, the droplet sizes decreased, while the zeta-potential values increased. The effect of HLB values increased in the order of 6.0, 10.0 and 8.0, and at the HLB value of 8 the smallest mean droplet size as 120 nm was obtained whereas the largest value of the zeta-potential between 10 and 60 mV. From the results of ESI and TII, the stability of prepared O/W emulsions increased in order of 6.0, 10.0 and 8.0 of HLB values, and ESI and TII values were above 80% and below 20% respectively at HLB value of 8.0.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2020

In this study, the O/W emulsions prepared from coconut oil and the non-ionic mixed surfactant as Tween-Span system were evaluated and optimized in order to upgrade the stability of manufactured emulsions. For the optimization, a central composite design model-response surface methodology, so called as CCD-RSM was implemented. Quantitative factors were the hydrophile-lipophilie balance (HLB), amount of non-ionic mixed surfactant and emulsification speed while experimental results included the mean droplet size (MDS), emulsion stability index (ESI), and thermal instability index (TII). Optimized values of the HLB, amount of non-ionic mixed surfactant and emulsification speed obtained from CCD-RSM were 9.1, 8.7 wt.%, and 6,200.8 rpm, respectively. Expected experimental results for MDS, ESI, and TII under the optimized experimental condition were 151.0 nm, 99.86, and 3.17%, respectively. The average error from actual experiments which established for validation of the conclusions was lower than 3.5%. Therefore, a highly favorable level could be obtained when the optimized CCD-RSM was applied to manufacturing the O/W emulsion in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.1487-1494
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• 2010

Structured lipid (SL) for cocoa butter alternative was synthesized by interesterification of coconut oil fraction and palm stearin (6:4 and 8:2, by weight) in a shaking water bath at $60^{\circ}C$ and 180 rpm. It was performed for various reaction times (1, 2, 3, and 6 hr). The reaction was catalyzed by sn-1,3 specific Lipozyme TLIM (immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus). SL-solid part was obtained from acetone fractionation at $0^{\circ}C$. SL-solid part was blended with other palm oils and fractions for desirable property of cocoa butter alternative (SL-solid part : palm middle fraction : palm stearin solid : palm oil, 70.4:18.4:2.9:8.3, by weight). In reversed-phase HPLC analysis, triacylglycerol species of cocoa butter alternative had partition number of 40 (10.77%), 42 (13.06%), 44~46 (17.38%) and 48 (51.88%). Major fatty acids of cocoa butter alternative were lauric acid (16.5%), myristic acid (12.28%), palmitic acid (46.03%), and linoleic acid (14.75%). Solid fat content (SFC) and polymorphic form (${\beta}'$ form) of cocoa butter alternative prepared were similar to those of commercial cocoa butter replacer (CBR).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.355-360
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• 2002

This study was to analyze the right of wrong of gray-water treatment by applying BPBE electrode cell to the effluence water in the terminal disposal plant of sewage. The results were as follows : The best result was obtained with applied voltage 40V and detention time 6 minutes for the BPBE electrode cell which has the graphite-plate in main electro-de, packing coconut activated carbon. The elimination rate of COD of Al-plate was higher than that of graphite-plate in main electrode. The result of electrolysis for 3 hour in parallel circuit showed the using possibility of gray-water according to each elimination rate : COD 59%, T-N 69 %, T-P 69%. The BPBE electrode cell with the Al-plate in main electrode made the best effect for the elimination of algae in lake water and algae were not occurred in electrolytic water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.762-770
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• 2005

Adsorption and biodegradation performance of chlorinated by-products such as trihalomethanes(THMs) and haloacetic acids(HAA5) on granular activated carbon were evaluated in this study. The coconut-based activated carbon was found more effective than others in adsorption of THMs due to larger pore volume of less than $20{\AA}$. The wood-based activated carbon was less effective than coconut- and coal-based activated carbon in adsorption nevertheless having larger pore volume and specific surface area than others. The maximum adsorption capacity(X/M) of coconut-based carbon for THMS was 1.1-1.5 times larger than coal based carbon and 14.1-31.4 times larger than wood based activated carbons. Activated carbon usage rate(CUR) of coconut-, coal- and wood-based activated carbons for chloroform were 9.4, 11.2 and 38 g/day respectively. In the evaluation of adsorption isotherm of THM species for coconut-, coal- and wood-based activated carbons, k value of chloroform was the lowest in the THM species, It menas that chloroform is difficult to remove by activated carbon adsorption. and BDCM, CDBM, bromoform are in the succeeding order of adsorption. In the evaluation of biodegradation rate, mean biodegradation rate was chloroform 7%, BDCM 5%, CDBM 4% and bromoform 3%, respectively THMs are difficult materials to be biodegraded. In the evaluation of characteristics of adsorption and biodegradation for HAA5 species, HAA5 species appear to be removed effectively by activated carbon. Most of the HAA5 are adsorbed at the beginning of operation periods and HAA5 except TCAA were almost biodegraded from bed volume of 2,000 and more than 90 percent of biodegradation of TCAA was started from bed volume around 4,000 and after that biodegradation rate was increased with increasing bed volume.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.158-166
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• 2014

This experiment has investigated suitable methods to improve precision water content monitoring of coconut coir substrates to control irrigation by frequency domain reflectometry(FDR) sensors. Specifically, water content changes and variations were observed at different sensing distances and positions from the irrigation dripper location, and different spaces between the FDR sensors with or without noise filters. Commercial coconut coir substrates containing different ratios of dust and chips(10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7) were used. On the upper side and the side of the substrates, a FDR sensor was used at 5, 10, 20, 30cm distances respectively from the irrigation dripper point, and water content was measured by time after the irrigation. In the glass beads, sensors were installed with or without noise filtering. Closer sensing distance had a higher water content increasing rate, regardless of different coir substrate ratios. There were no differencies of water content increasing rates in 10:0 and 3:7 substrates between the upper side and the side. Whereas, 7:3 and 5:5 substrates showed higher increasing rates on the upper side measurements. Substrates with higher ratios of chip(3:7) had lower increasing rates than others. And, with noise filters, the exatitude of measurement was improved because the variation and deviation were reduced. Therefore, in coconut coir with FDR sensors, an efficient water content measurment to control irrigations can be achieved by installing sensors closer to an irrigation point and upper side of substrates with noise filters.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.42-52
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• 1997

The affection of activated carbon on the dissolved aluminum ion in drinking water has been observed. In addition, the aluminum ion removal capability of activated, alumina, chitosan, and ion exchange resin have been investigated. Experimental results indicated that the coal based activated carbon released considerable amount of aluminum ion to the water while coconut shell based activated carbon didn't. However the release was not continuous. Activated alumina didn't show any recognizable removal capability for aluminum ion in water. Particulate chitosan has removed aluminum ion although dissolved chitosan has not. However it need to development a regeneration process for chitosan to be an effective mean for aluminum ion removal. Ion exchange resin showed a reliable aluminum ion removal capability. The ion exchange capacity was 2.63 meq/g resin for the aluminum ion in drinking water.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of palm or coconut solid lipid nanoparticles (PO-SLNs or CO-SLNs) on growth of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) in milk during storage period. The PO or CO (0.1% or 1.0%) was dispersed both in distilled water (DW) and ultra high temperature milk (UHTM), and subsequently emulsified with Tween^® 80 by ultrasonication (30% power, 2 min). Increase in particle size and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) in DW was observed with an increase in oil concentration, whereas a decrease in ζ-potential of SLNs was noted with an increment in oil concentration. Moreover, the CO-SLNs exhibited relatively smaller particle size and higher EE% than PO-SLNs. The CO-SLNs were found to be more stable than PO-SLNs. Higher lipid oxidation of PO or CO-SLNs in UHTM was observed during the storage test, when compared to PO or CO-SLNs in DW. However, there was no remarkable difference in lipid oxidation during storage period (p>0.05). In the growth test, the viability of L. plantarum in control (without PO or CO-SLNs in DW) exhibited a dramatic decrease with increasing storage period. In addition, viability of L. plantarum of PO or COSLNs in UHTM was higher than that of SLNs in DW. Based on the present study, production of SLNs containing PO or CO in UHTM is proposed, which can be used in lactobacilli fortified beverages in food industry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.524-532
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• 2018

In this study, two types of amino acids-based anionic biosurfactants such as potassium cocoyl glutamate (CTK) and sodium cocoyl glutamate (CTN) were synthesized from coconut oils and the structure elucidation of CTK and CTN was carried out by using FT-IR, $^1H-NMR$ and $^{13}C-NMR$ spectrophotometries. Measurements of interfacial properties such as static and dynamic surface tensions and emulsification activity showed that both CTK and CTN were surface-active and effective in lowering the interfacial free energy. In particular, the CTK surfactant was found to be more efficient in reducing the interfacial free energy since the larger number of CTK molecules was preferentially adsorbed at the air-water interface due to the higher hydrophobicity and larger mobility of CTK than those of using CTN, indicating possible uses in cosmetics and household products formulation.