• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2013

In this study, plant samples of five species were collected from the Dokdo islands in South Korea. Plant samples such as Asparagus schoberioides, Corydalis platycarpa, Festuca rubra, Sedum oryzifolium, and Setaria viridis were collected from the Dongdo and Seodo. Endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the roots of five plants from the Dokdo islands. Thirty-three fungal strains were isolated from these native plants. All the endophytic fungi were analyzed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing (ITS containing ITS1, 5.8s, and the ITS2 region). Waito-c rice seedlings were treated with fungal culture filtrates to test their plant growth-promoting activity. A bioassay of the D-So-1-1 fungal strain isolated from S. oryzifolium confirmed that it has the highest plant growth-promoting activity. All the endophytic fungi belong to four orders: Eurotiales (86%), Capnodiales (3%), Hypocreales (4%), and Incertae sedis (7%). The endophytic fungi were classified as Ascomycota, which contained Aspergillus (12%), Cladosporium (3%), Eurotium (3%), Fusarium (18%), Microsphaeropsis (6%), and Penicillium (58%) at the genus level.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-38
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• 2012

Located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula, Pyeong-chang and Yeong-wol (Gangwon-do) areas are limestone regions that are important biogeographically showing the peculiar flora. In order to manage efficiently endangered and rare plant species, we have investigated flora of these above regions from March to October, 2010. The result of the investigation showed a total of vascular plants of 1,145 taxa; 134 families, 503 genera, and 1,010 species, 11 subspecies, 110 varieties, 10 forms and four hybrids. Among taxa investigated, endangered species designated by the law called 'Protection Law for Endangered wild fauna and flora' were seven taxa, and 50 taxa were considered to be endemic to Korea. Based on the floristic degrees categorized by the specific distribution of plant species, 24 taxa revealed the floristic degree (FD) V, 30 for FD IV, and 60 for FD III, 45 for FD II and 79 taxa for FD I. The 82 taxa were identified to be naturalized. Of those species investigated in this survey, 53 taxa were identified as specific ones biogeographically as compared to flora of other terrestrial regions; 35 of calcicolous plants, 15 with distribution in the northern part of the Korean peninsula, three with coastal habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.59-77
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• 2015

In order to meet the new requirements for landfill materials, this study planned a study to apply mixed soil of mixing bottom ash and coastal dredged soil to the dredged ground. Coal ash generated from thermal power plant is divided into fly ash and bottom ash. In the case of fly ash, many studies have been conducted because small particles causes permeability coefficient to be small during recycling so no problem has been raised in the environmental area but the utilization of bottom ash has been limited because environmental problems have been raised during recycling due to its larger particle size and greater permeability coefficient. According to recently published studies, however, the results of the study that conducted the water analysis of leachate generated in the ground improvement section using bottom ash showed that heavy metal contamination levels were found to be within the reference value and no significant environmental problems were found so utilization of bottom ash is evaluated to increase significantly in the future. This bottom ash has the particle size of sand and only transportation costs need to be considered when providing materials because the majority has been disposed and it is judged as the most suitable material in dredging landfill in the economic aspect because most thermal power plants are located in the coast and transportation costs can be reduced by ship. Also, research on mixed soil that can maximize the effect of the construction period and construction cost savings than dredged soil is determined as needed because the demand for coastal dredging reclamation is increasing such as Saemangeum project etc. Therefore, we studied self-weight consolidation characteristics depending on sample processing and mixing method of mixed soil by carrying out interior self-weight consolidation experiments on mixed soil of mixing bottom ash and Kaolinite according to the new development needs of recent coastal reclaimed ground and these result findings are expected to be used as basic data when applying the large coastal dredged ground in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.345-354
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• 2013

To understand the community structures of the vegetation of the beaches and coastal dunes of Seocheon-gun, Boryeong-si, Anmyeon-do, Taean-gun in Chungcheongnam-do and Buan-gun in Jeollabuk-do at the west coast of South Korea, a plant sociological vegetation survey was carried out to make a classification of correlation vegetation communities, a cluster analysis and an inorganic component analysis on the soil and plant body. Regarding the vegetation of the coastal dunes, plant communities were classified into 31 communities by correlation dominant species, and as a result of a cluster analysis on the vegetation communities, they were classified into five vegetation types such as Calystegia soldanella community, Rosa rugosa community, Imperata cylindrica community, Vitex tend community and Elymus mollis community. The soil pH was highest in Seocheon area ($7.54{\pm}1.18$) while lowest in Buan area ($6.29{\pm}2.15$), and regarding inorganic components, the nitrogen content was highest in Robinia while lowest in Imperata cylindrica. The soil PH of vegetation I was highest (8.23) among the five vegetation types, and the organic matter was lowest (71.58). As a result of CCA ordination analysis to examine the correlation among environmental factors, Calystegia soldanella community, Rosa rugosa community and Imperata cylindrica community among the five vegetation types were distributed while they were not affected by soil environmental elements, but Vitex tend community and Elymus mollis community were distributed mainly at the places with high $K^+$ content in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2010

The survey was done in order to find what kinds of birds visit Taeanhaean National Park during breeding season, where we fixed up 10 coastal areas and islands within the National Park. Three groups concurrently performed the field research from 5th to 9th of July in 2009. Total 58 species and 7,323 individuals were recorded in Taeanhaean National Park. 48 species including 6,187 individuals were observed in coastal areas and 33 species including 1,136 individuals in island areas. The most dominant species in the National Park are Larus crassirostris which accounts for 60% of the birds inhabiting there, and they seem to have been bred in the islands near the National Park. The birds observed only around the coastal areas include Anas poecilorhyncha, Fulica atra, Egretta intermedia and the others which consist of 25 species and amount to 318 individuals, and the birds found exclusively in island areas include Phalacrocorax filamentosus, Apus pacificus¸ Locustella pleskei and other birds, which consist of 10 species and the number of those individuals observed was 308. The inhabited islands areas such as Gauido were characterized by high ratio of waterbird population, which seems to be correlated with the factors such as the extent of island, the richness of water resources, and the diversity of habitats. Based on the data collected during the research and other data from the previous observations, the kinds of dominant species remain nearly unchanged. And in spite of the oil spill accident in 2007, the increase in the number of waterbirds compared to 2004 may be the evidence that the area is recovering from the environmental pollution. At present, the tidal power plants are being built or scheduled to be built and large-scale reclamation is also under way. What is worse, those areas are seeing the increase of pension construction, which is likely to be the potential cause of damage and disturbance against some key habitats for the waterbirds. Therefore, it is a major priority that we build the bird information system to efficiently manage the knowledge-based asset collected from bird-watching groups and to better monitor the areas that need enhanced database through which the National Park can be appropriately administered.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.891-899
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• 2015

The lily symptomless virus (LSV) is the most common virus in Korean native lilies and causes various types of damage to overall plant growth. This study was carried out to investigate the elimination rate of the LSV by the in vitro scale culture (scaling) method in Korean native lilies and to test reinfection rates of the LSV under several field culture conditions of bulb production. Four Korean native lilies (Lilium dauricum, L. distichum, L. lancifolium, and L. maximowitzii) were used and their scales were cultured in vitro for micro-scale formation. The micro-scales were subcultured repeatedly using MS culture medium supplemented with 30 or $90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose. The culture conditions were $24{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD with 16 hour daylength using fluorescent lamps and maintained at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The virus-free bulblets were grown for one to three years in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field in October or March. Virus infection rates were investigated by direct tissue blotting immunobinding assays and measurement of chlorophyll and protein contents. Virus-free plants could be obtained from the 5th subculture of micro-scales in L. lancifolium and L. maximowitzii or from primary culture in L. dauricum and L. distichum. LSV-free plants were reinfected during bulb production in the field. Reinfection rates were higher at older bulb ages and under higher planting density. The plants planted in October and at inland Gyeongsan had higher infection rates than those planted in March and at coastal area Pohang. The reinfection rate of L. maximowitzii was higher than those of L. dauricum and L. lancifolium. The LSV-infected plants had lower chlorophyll contents and unchanged protein contents compared to virus-free plants.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

To verify growth properties of Carex kobomugi, above and belowground parts of C. kobomugi were surveyed on coastal sand dune at Sinduri, Choongnam Province from April, 2001 to June 2003. The results were the same as follows. In coastal sand dune, C. kobomugi followed Elymus mollis from mean high tide line. Density of C. kobomugi was the highest at unstable sand dune and 150 plants/㎡. And rates of flowering plant were 70% at unstable area and 10% at stable area. C.kobomugi is thus plant that adapted to unstable sand dune. Shoot distributed irregularly. The rhizome of C. kobomugi gradually decreased with the soil depth in unstable area, but mainly distributed to 20 ㎝ depth. New rhizome could be generated from the rhizome which was below 150 ㎝ depth or 5 years old. The number and length of new rhizome were related to biomass of previous year's shoot. That was, shoots which were below 0.5 and over 3 g/shoot in dry weight generated 1 and 5 rhizomes, respectively. And the mean lengths of rhizome from small (below 0.5 g) and large (over 3.0 g) shoots were 13.0 ㎝ and 57.6 ㎝, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2011

To make conservative port and coast ecosystems and creative the greenspace, We were investigated with characteristic of flora, environmental factors, types of port, adaptive species, minimum conservation area and plantation model. In 50 sites of study areas, there are 19 families and 174 species of vascular plants and 19 families and 48 species of halophytes. Dominant communities in port ecosystem contains Carex kobomugi community, Elymus mollis community, Carex pumila community, Ixeris repens community, Vitex rutundifolia community, Calystegia soldandlla community, Rosa rugosa community, Lathyrus japonica community, Salsola komarovi community, Cynodon dactylon community, Tetragonia tetragonioides community, Suaeda japonica community, Suaeda maritima community, Zoysia sinica community and Phragmites communis community. We carried out Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) for ordinations on the vegetation and plant communities-environmental variable matrices in 50 sites. The communities tended to cluster into three types: Clay marsh, Sand marsh, Sand gravel marsh types. Adaptive species in habitate types are selected that sand marsh-type communities in ports contained Elymus mollis community, Ixeris repens community, Carex kobomugi community, Carex pumila community, Clay marsh-type communities contained Suaeda japonica community, Phragmites communis community, Zoysia sinica community and Suaeda maritima community, Sand gravel marsh-type communities contained Vitex rutundifolia community, Calystegia soldandlla community. We are conducted the estimation of minimal area for plantation of adaptive plant species and carried out guide line and plantation model for creation of green space in port ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.110-123
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• 2016

In order to obtain scientific information for the conservation of Utricularia japonica Makino, rare plant species, we investigated life history, phenology, growth and distribution in the east coastal region of Korea. Seven habitats of U. japonica were confirmed in this study. Turion of U. japonica rests overwinter at the bottom and ripens at the water surface and then usually germinate and sprout when the water warms in spring. A single shoot grown from turion divided into several shoots. Shoot decomposition started in October and formed a new turion at the end of the decomposed shoot. Flowering period was from early July to late October. Percentage of flowering ramets was significantly low as 6.3%. U. japonica showed the fastest growth rate from April to July, the maximum growth in August and the highest biomass in October. U. japonica tended to be concentrated in larger ramets in the water depth of 50 cm~150 cm in Cheonjin lake. The main factors affecting the growth of U. japonica were water temperature and turbidity. The establishment and growth of U. japonica in Cheonjin lake were determined by responses to water temperature with seasonal change and to light conditions caused by the different plants. These conditions affect the temporal and spatial distribution of U. japonica and population change. The findings of this study would be helpful to provide the basic information needed for the conservation and restoration of U. japonica.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1060-1066
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• 2011

In order to investigate the variations on the ratio of mannose to galactose in the seeds of Phaseolus angularis, 17 local strains (Yangyang, Pyeongchang, Ganghwa, Pocheon, Geumsan, Seocheon, Jincheon, Danyang, Tongyeong, Sancheong, Gumneung, Wolseong, Wando, Gokseong, Okgu, Jangsu, Bukjeju), which are located from $33^{\circ}15'N$ to $38^{\circ}11'N$, were selected according to their latitudes and geographical distances. The seeds of these strains were collected and their contents of mannose and galactose were analyzed. Mannose contents in the seeds were variable, ranging from 17.071 mg/g at its highest (Jangsu) and 6.488 mg/g at its lowest (Geumsan). The contents of galactose also showed remarkable differences, ranging from 9.477 mg/g (Wolseong) to 19.877 mg/g (Jangsu). The local strains were classified into 3 variation types - coastal type I (Wando, Okgu, Bukjeju), the inland type (Jangsu, Weolseong, Danyang, Geumneung, Pyeongchang, Sancheong) and coastal type II (Ganghwa, Seocheon, Tongyeong, Jincheon), as well as 4 strange strains (Gokseong, Yangyang, Pocheon, Geumsan) according to the geographical climatic type and the ratio of mannose to galactose, which indicate the hardness of seeds in Leguminosae and ranged from 0.64 to 1.22. The variation types are very significant genecologically as evidence for microevolution related to natural and artificial selection in cultivated plants.