• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.246-256
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• 2016

본 연구는 무의도 (인천광역시)지역에 대하여 2011년 4월부터 10월까지 총 7회에 걸쳐 관속식물 분포를 조사하였다. 조사지역은 무의도 내 국사봉, 호롱곡산, 해안가 및 부속섬인 실미도와 소무의도를 대상으로 수행하였다. 조사된 전체 분류군은 90과 235속 297종 5아종 32변종 4품종으로 총 338분류군이 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 주요 식물로 산림청지정 희귀식물은 땅귀개, 통발, 이삭귀개, 물질경이, 두루미천남성 등 총 5분류군이 확인되었다. 환경부 지정 식물구계학적 특정식물 중 5등급종이 3분류군, 3등급종이 5분류군으로 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 총 28분류군으로서 귀화율은 8.3%, 도시화지수는 8.7%로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.463-471
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• 2009

A study on vegetation in the Mangyeong River and Dongjin River basins and the surrounding regions of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land was conducted in a series of efforts to determine the expected ecological changes in the salt marshes, to restore their vegetation, to explore the restoring force of halophyte, to examine the community mechanism and, ultimately, to rehabilitate marshy land vegetation along the lakeside, coastal dune and salt marshes of the Saemangeum Project Area. The findings of the study may be summed up as follows: Five species such as Suaeda japonica, Salicornia herbacea, Atriplex gmelini, Aster tripolium and Suaeda asparagoides that are mostly distributed in the estuary of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land were analyzed to examine the mechanism of halophyte to maintain their community. To find out the strategies of plants for survival and the cause of forming community structure, a research was made as for appearance ratio of biomass, root lengths and germination. With regard to biomasses of halophyte, the biomass of Suaeda japonica increases rapidly, while Salicornia herbacea adopts a strategy of unstable growth pattern by which the biomass increases slowly in parallel with its slow speed of growth since initial appearance of young sapling. In contrast, Suaeda asparagoides, Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium choose to adapt themselves to environment promptly by being transformed into life form of annual or biennial plant, a pattern that is presumed to be favorable and stable for survival in the later stage of growth. In short, there is a sharp distinction among the 5 species: i.e. Suaeda japonica that begins to grow fast in the length of surface and underground section but slows down from the mid-stage on; Salicornia herbacea that grows slowly in the beginning step but starts to step up from the middle onward; Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium growing slowly in the initial stage but fast later on; and Suaeda asparagoides that turns from the constant growth in the beginning to rapid growth in the later period. The outcomes of the analysis into status of growth and influencing factors of Suaeda japonica in the sowing field that is most widely prevalent in the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land as a sort of ecological pioneer in the salt marshes showed that the average size of grass lands, density and number of individuals increase in the natural sowing field as well as in the plowing field regardless of their physical as well as physico-chemical features of the soil as the season progresses from June to October of a year.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2010

Actual evapotranspiration (AET) in the Suyeong-gu was estimated and correlations between AET and meteorological factors were analyzed. The study area was Suyeong-gu lay at the east longitude $129^{\circ}$ 05' 40" ~ 129$^{\circ}$ 08' 08" and north latitude $35^{\circ}$ 07' 59" ~ $35^{\circ}$ 11' 01". The Kumryun mountain, the Bae mountain, the Suyeong river and the Suyeong bay are located on west, north, northeaster and south side in the study area, respectively. AET was estimated using precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and plant-available water coefficient. Meteorological factors to estimate PET were air temperature, dewpoint temperature, atmospheric pressure, duration of sunshine and mean wind speed (MWS). PET and AET were estimated by a method of Allen et al. (1998) and Zhang et al. (2001), respectively. PET was the highest value (564.45 mm/yr) in 2002 year, while it was the lowest value (449.95 mm/yr) in 2003 year. AET was estimated highest value (554.14 mm/yr) in 2002 year and lowest value (427.91 mm/yr) in 2003 year. Variations of PET and AET were similar. The linear regression function of AET as PET using monthly data was AET=0.87$\times$PET+3.52 and coefficient of determination was high, 0.75. In order to analyze relationship between the evapotranspiration and meteorological factors, correlation analysis using monthly data were accomplished. Correlation coefficient of AET-PET was 0.96 high, but they of AET-P and PET-P were very low. Correlation coefficients of AET-MWS and PET-MWS were 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. Thus, correlation between evapotranspiration and MWS was the highest among meteorological factors in Suyong-gu. This means that meteorological factor to powerfully effect for the variation of evapotranspiration was MWS. The linear regression function of AET as MWS was AET=84.73$\times$MWS+223.05 and coefficient of determination was 0.54. The linear regression function of PET as MWS was PET=83.83$\times$MWS+203.62 and coefficient of determination was 0.45.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.501-507
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• 2000

한국산 거머리말속 중 동해 연안에 자생하는 식물의 분포와 생육지 환경의 특성을 파악하기 위해 1998년 6월부터 2000년 7월까지 중부 동해안의 화진포에서부터 남부 동해안 대변까지 조사하였다. 동해 연안에 자생하는 거머리말속은 거머리말, 왕거머리말과 포기거머리말 3종이 조사되었다. 거머리말 생육지는 기수호, 항과만의 수심 $1.3{\~}5.6 m$의 sand와 muddy sand 퇴적 환경에서, 왕거머리말은 수심 $8.5{\~}15.0 m$의 개방된 연안의 sand 퇴적 환경에서 출현하였다. 포기거머리말은 덕산항과 대변항에서 그 생육지가 처음 보고되었으며, 거머리말보다 깊은 지역에서 함께 생육하였다. 거머리말속의 식물 형태는 영양지와 생식지로 구분되었으며, 거머리말 영양지의 길이는 일산의 66.8cm에서부터 감포항의 110.0cm까지, 생식지의 길이는 화진포의 128.0cm에서부터 감포항의 277.8cm까지 생육 지역과 수심에 따라 다양하게 출현하였다. 왕거머리말은 영양지와 생식지가 $64.0{\~}75.7 cm$ 범위로 새로운 표현형으로 생육지의 수심에 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 포기거머리말은 영양지와 생식지가 64.9{\~}70.3 cm$로 생식지가 좀더 길게 성장하였다. 영양염의 농도는 동해 남부 지역이 중부 지역보다 높게 나타났다. 동해안에서 자생하는 거머리말속 식물의 분포는 퇴적 환경보다는 종에 따라 생육 장소(만, 항구와 개방 연안 등)와 수심에 영향을 받고, 수심과 같은 생육 환경의 차이는 식물체의 형태 변이에 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 1999

Over 2,000 ha of rice fields in the western and southern coastal region of Korea were flooded with sea water during the spring tide, on August 19-21, 1997, and the rice plant at heading stage was injured. The field surveys were undertaken at the sea water flooded paddy fields in Chonbuk Province, to identify the injury symptoms and rice yield damage subjected to different flooding condition and desalinization methods. Five days after sea water flooding at heading stage, the flag leaves of rice plants flooded with 30 ㎝ deep sea water withered from the tip, the withering progressed to the lower leaves in deeper flooding. The spikelets were spotted black and discolored from the tip at 50 ㎝ deep flooded rice, and some panicles changed to white at 80 ㎝ deep flooded rice. Most of the rice leaves submerged completely for an hour were withered and most of panicles changed to white. The milled rice yield, percentage of ripened grain, and 1000 grain weight of flooded rice decreased with deeper flooding water, higher water salinity and longer flooding time. Even under the same flooding conditions, the damage of rice yield varied with the growth stage: heading stage>dough stage>booting stage. Rice yield damage was less in the fields on the upper riverside than those of the fields on the estuary and seaside, because of lower water salinity. In a flooded field, the rice yield damages were reduced as the distance increased from the levees where the sea water inflowed and increased as the distance increased from the fresh water irrigation gate. The desalinization treatments consisting of frequent exchange of irrigation water and spraying with fresh water soon after flooding effectively reduced the rice yield damage.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.646-655
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• 2015

벽방산의 산림식생에 대한 식물사회학적 연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과 벽방산은 3개 상관형의 9개 단위식생이 분포하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 연구지역 단위식생은 상록침엽수림의 해송-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-자금우군락, 하록활엽수림의 졸참나무-홀아비꽃대군락, 신갈나무-우산나물군락, 상수리나무군락, 소사나무군락, 굴참나무-쇠물푸레나무군락, 비목-물참대군락, 인공조림식생의 사방오리나무식재림 등으로 구분되었다. 벽방산은 지역 최고봉임에도 불구하고 산지 전역이 숲 가꾸기사업, 등산객, 조림 및 육림 등에 의해 직/간접적으로 인위적 간섭을 받고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 연구지역 내 식생형 가운데 상대적으로 자연성이 높은 단위식생은 산지대 사면 중부에서 출현하는 졸참나무-홀아비꽃대군락, 전석지에서 확인된 비목-물참대군락 등이며, 산지능선부의 암석노출지를 중심으로 위극상의 천이계열에 해당하는 특산식물군락인 소사나무군락이 분포하고 있었다. CCA분석 결과, 각 단위식생의 발달은 해발고도, 인간간섭, 낙엽부식층, 암석노출율, 경사도 등에 영향을 받는 것으로 확인되었다. 단위식생의 종조성에 대한 집괴분석 결과로부터 벽방산 산림식생은 인위식생, 이차식생, 근자연식생으로 구분되며, 식생의 발달정도, 토지적 특성, 인위적 식재 및 관리 유무 등에 의해 삼림이 구성되고 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

순천만 일대 칠면초 군락의 근권 토양에 존재하는 근권 세균의 다양성 분석을 위해 몇 개 지점을 선정한 후 샘플링을 실시하였다. 채취한 토양시료는 marine broth, tryptic soy broth 한천배지를 이용하면서 세균 집락 간 형태학적인 구분을 통해 순수분리 되었다. 분리된 세균의 genomic DNA를 획득한 후, 각각의 16S rDNA 염기서열을 증폭 분석하여 총 29 strain이 부분동정 되었다. 이들의 유연관계 확인을 위해 계통수를 작성한 결과, 이들은 각각 firmicutes문 (44.8%), gamma-proteobacteria group (27.6%), alpha-proteobacteria group (10.3%), bacteriodetes 문(10.3%), actinobacteria 문(6.8%)에 속하였다. 최우점하는 firmicutes 문에서는 Bacillus 속이, 차 우점하는 gamma-proteobacteria group에서는 각각 Marinobacterium, Halomonas, Vibrio 속이 집중 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 채취 지점별로 몇 가지 척도를 사용하여 다양성 지수를 도출하였을 때, 채취 지점 간 지수의 차이를 보여 전체 순천만 갯벌 중 위치에 따라 상이한 미생물상을 가지는 것으로 추측된다. 분리된 균들 중 일부는 갯벌 특유의 극한환경을 극복하면서 칠면초 근권에서 생존하며 물질순환, 식물생장 촉진 및 병원체 방어작용 유도 등 식물생장에 긍정적 역할을 수행할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.314-317
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• 1997

남부지방(南部地方)에서 황금(黃芩)의 맥후작(麥後作) 직파재배시 적정(直播栽培時 適定) 시비량(施肥量)을 구명(究明)하여 재배기술(栽培技術)을 개선(改善), 보완(補完)하고 수량(收量)을 증대(增大)시켜 안정생산(安定生産)에 기여(寄與)하고자 여천(麗川) 재래종(在來種)을 공시(供試)하여 실시(實施)한 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1, 무비구(無肥區)$(N-P_2O_5-K_2O\;=\;0\;-\;0\;-\;0kg/10a)$의 개화기(開花期) 7월(月) 20일(日)에 비하여 모든 시비구(施肥區)가 7월(月) 21일(日)${\sim}$23일(日)로 $1{\sim}2$일(日) 늦게 개화(開花)하였다. 2. 생육형질(生育形質)인 경장(莖長), 경태(莖太), 분지수(分枝數), 주근장(主根長), 주근경(主根徑) 생경엽중(生莖葉重), 건경엽동(乾莖葉重)은 무비구(無肥區)에 비하여 모든 시비구(施肥區) 양호(良好)하였으나 다비구(多肥區)$(N-P_2O_5-K_2O\;=\;12-18-12kg/10a)$ 3. 수량형질(收量形質)인 건근중(乾根重)은 무비구(無肥區)보다 모든 시비구(施肥區)가 양호(良好)하였으나 그 중에서 중비구(中肥區)$(N-P_2O_5-K_2O\;=\;9-13.5-9kg/10a)$에서 10a당 건근중(乾根重)이 178kg으로 무비구(無肥區)의 126kg에 비(比)하여 41%가 증수(增收)되었고 표준시비구(標準施肥區)$(N-P_2O_5-K_2O\;=\;6-9-6kg/10a)$의 167kg에 비해서는 7%가 증수(增收)되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.485-495
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• 2018

Background: The geographical origin of Panax ginseng Meyer, a valuable medicinal plant, is important to both ginseng producers and consumers in the context of economic profit and human health benefits. We, therefore, aimed to discriminate between the cultivation regions of ginseng using the stable isotope ratios of C, N, O, and S, which are abundant bioelements in living organisms. Methods: Six Korean ginseng cultivars (3-yr-old roots) were collected from five different regions in Korea. The C, N, O, and S stable isotope ratios in ginseng roots were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry, and then these isotope ratio profiles were statistically analyzed using chemometrics. Results: The various isotope ratios found in P. ginseng roots were significantly influenced by region, cultivar, and the interactions between these two factors ($p{\leq}0.001$). The variation in ${\delta}^{15}N$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ in ginseng roots was significant for discriminating between different ginseng cultivation regions, and ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{34}S$ were also affected by both altitude and proximity to coastal areas. Chemometric model results tested in this study provided discrimination between the majority of different cultivation regions. Based on the external validation, this chemometric model also showed good model performance ($R^2=0.853$ and $Q^2=0.738$). Conclusion: Our case study elucidates the variation of C, N, O, and S stable isotope ratios in ginseng root depending on cultivation region. Hence, the analysis of stable isotope ratios is a suitable tool for discrimination between the regional origins of ginseng samples from Korea, with potential application to other countries.