• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.99-112
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• 2020

This study aims to propose biotope field datasheet and biotope type classification based on habitat-based by analyzing the German biotope system. The German system began in 1976 and has established a habitat-based national biotope classification system. On the other hand, Korea institutionalized in 2018 to build a classification system based on land use and land cover, which is a classification system that does not fully reflect ecosystem in Korea. Germany operates 44 biotope classification systems and 40 biotope field datasheet. Korea uses a single biotope field datasheet regardless of the biotope type. This classification system may not reflect the characteristics of Korea's biotope ecological habitat. The biotope classification system of Korea was proposed by dividing it into five categories: mountain ecology, freshwater ecology, land ecology, coastal ecology, and development area to reflect ecosystem habitat. The biotope type was designed as a system of large-classification-middle-small classification and subdivided into medium-classification and subdivided in each biotope system. The major classifications were classified into 44 categories according to the mountainous biotope(11), freshwater biotope(8), terrestrial biotope (12), coastal biotope(6), and development biotope(7). Unlike Germany, Korea's biotope field datasheet was proposed in five ways according to the classification of major ecosystem types. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the policy suggestion and the utilization of ecosystem conservation because the biotope classification system is classified to reflect the characteristics of ecosystem habitats.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2023

Over the past few centuries, widespread changes to natural ecosystems caused by human activities have severely threatened biodiversity worldwide. Understanding changes in ecosystems is essential to identifying and managing threats to biodiversity. In line with this need, the IUCN Council formed the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (GET) in 2019, taking into account the functions and types of ecosystems. The IUCN provides maps of 10 ecosystem groups and 108 ecological functional groups (EFGs) on a global scale. According to the type classification of IUCN GET ecosystems, Korea's ecosystem is classified into 8 types of Realm (level 1), 18 types of Biome (level 2), and 41 types of Group (level 3). GETs provided by IUCN have low resolution and often do not match the actual land status because it was produced globally. This study aimed to increase the accuracy of Korean IUCN GET type classification by using land cover maps and producing maps that reflected the actual situation. To this end, we ① reviewed the Korean GET data system provided by IUCN GET and ② compared and analyzed it with the current situation in Korea. We evaluated the limitations and usability of the GET through the process and then ③ classified Korea's new Get type reflecting the current situation in Korea by using the national data as much as possible. This study classified Korean GETs into 25 types by using land cover maps and existing national data (Territorial realm: 9, Freshwater: 9, Marine-territorial: 5, Terrestrial-freshwater: 1, and Marine-freshwater-territorial: 1). Compared to the existing map, "F3.2 Constructed lacustrine wetlands", "F3.3 Rice paddies", "F3.4 Freshwater aquafarms", and "T7.3 Plantations" showed the largest area reduction in the modified Korean GET. The area of "T2.2 Temperate Forests" showed the largest area increase, and the "MFT1.3 Coastal saltmarshes and reedbeds" and "F2.2 Small permanent freshwater lakes" types also showed an increase in GET area after modification. Through this process, the existing map, in which the sum of all EFGs in the existing GET accounted for 8.33 times the national area, was modified so that the total sum becomes 1.22 times the national area using the land cover map. This study confirmed that the existing EFG, which had small differences by type and low accuracy, was improved and corrected. This study is significant in that it produced a GET map of Korea that met the GET standard using data reflecting the field conditions. 

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.543-553
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• 2013

In Korea, there have been many studies and progresses on various types of pilot scale or commercialized field scale Best Management Practices(BMP) during the last 10 years. Runoff characteristics of diffuse pollutants from different land uses are well identified and documented. However, for the coastal area connected directly with shoreline, runoff patterns and management schemes of non-point pollution were not fully studied. Recently, coastal area is emerging as a new development axis especially in west coast side of Korea such as Incheon city and Chungnam province, thus urbanized area rapidly increased but there are no buffer zones and BMP facilities to aim at preventing direct discharge of the first flush into coastal sea and beaches. In this study, parking area in Deacheon harbor, Boryeong City in Chungnam Province was selected and rainfall runoff was monitored for two year period in order to examine run-off features from which proper type of BMP suitable for coastal area is proposed. Coastal area usually has a low ground water level and consists of plain land, so that large scale BMP such as storm water retention pond and wetland requiring great excavation works is not best management plan. In addition, monitoring study shows that storm water from the paved parking area has a high salinity compared with those in storm water from the inland. High salinity is detrimental for the vegetation. Therefore, BMP employing least vegetative cover and also in terms of maintenance is a good option such as infiltration trench and porous pavement.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2016

As a transition region between ocean and land, coastal wetlands are significant ecosystems that maintain water quality, provide natural habitat for a variety of species, and slow down erosion. The energy of coastal waves and storm surges are reduced by vegetation cover, which also helps to maintain wetlands through increased sediment deposition. Wave attenuation by vegetation is a highly dynamic process and its quantification is important for understanding shore protection and modeling coastal hydrodynamics. In this study, laboratory experiments were used to quantify wave attenuation as a function of vegetation type as well as wave conditions. Wave attenuation characteristics were investigated under regular waves for rigid model vegetation. Laboratory hydraulic test and numerical analysis were conducted to investigate regular wave attenuation through emergent vegetation with wave steepness ak and relative water depth kh. The normalized wave attenuation was analyzed to the decay equation of Dalrymple et al.(1984) to determine the vegetation transmission coefficients, damping factor and drag coefficients. It was found that drag coefficient was better correlated to Keulegan-Carpenter number than Reynolds number and that the damping increased as wave steepness increased.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.63-67
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 해안침식이 진행되고 있는 해운대 해수욕장의 장기 해안지형 변화 및 인근지역의 토지피복 변화에 대해 분석하였다. 지난 60여 년간의 항공사진을 이용하여 해안선을 추출하고 이를 수심측량 및 GPS측량 자료를 이용하여 조위보정한 후, 해빈면적을 추출하여 해안지형 변화를 분석하였다. 또한 환경부 토지피복 세분류를 기준으로 하여 육안판독을 통해 13개년도의 토지피복도를 제작하고 토양유실량을 산정하여 연도별 토지피복 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 해운대 해수욕장의 해안선이 점진적으로 후퇴하고 있으며 해수욕장 면적이 전체적으로 감소하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 춘천천 복개 및 도시개발에 의한 모래 공급원 차단이 이러한 해안침식에 영향을 주는 인위적 원인이라고 사료된다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.429-440
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• 2017

A series of multispectral high-resolution Korean Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT) images were analyzed to detect the geographical changes in four different tidal flats in the west coast of South Korea. The method of unsupervised classification was used to generate a series of land use/land cover (LULC) maps from the satellite images, which were used as the input of the temporal trajectory analysis to detect the temporal change of coastal wetlands and its association with natural and anthropogenic activities. The accurately classified LULC maps extracted from the KOMPSAT images indicate that these multispectral high-resolution satellite data is highly applicable to generate good quality thematic maps for extracting wetlands. The result of the trajectory analysis showed that, while the tidal flat area of Gyeonggi and Jeollabuk provinces was estimated to have changed due to tidal effects, the reductive trajectory of the wetland areas belonging to the Saemangeum province was caused by a high degree of human-induced activities including large reclamation and urbanization. The conservation of the Jeungdo Wetland Protected Area in Jeollanam province revealed that the social and environmental policies can effectively protect coastal wetlands from degradation. Therefore, monitoring for wetland change using high resolution KOMPSAT is expected to be useful to coastal environment management and policy making.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.298-311
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• 1993

Simulation modeling was applied to predict the response of northeast Florida coastal wetlands to futrue sea levl rise due to global warming. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GLS) were used to develop, manipulate, and synthesize input data, including land cover, digital elevation data, and site characteristics data. The SLAMM3 model evaluated this input data to predict responses of coastal wetlands and lowlands to inundation and erosion by sea level rise, and determined transfers from one habitat to another on a cell-by-cell basis. Significant changes were predicted from different scenarios of sea level rise: 0.5m, 1.0m, and 1.25m. The simulations indicated that 31.9 percent and 40.0 percent of wetlands within the study area would be lost with 1.0m and 1.25m sea level rise respectively, and a 6.5 percent loss with 0.5m rise.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of small village wetlands in Geumsan County, an inland mountain zone, and comparing with Seocheon County, a coastal plain area with different ecological environment characteristics. Using Arc-GIS (v10.1) the village wetland code was extracted to derive the possible location of the village wetland, and the final distribution of the village was obtained by performing indoor judging work based on satellite images, aerial photographs, topographical maps, Korea Land Information System (KLIS), land use level, land cover degree (division), and land use status by local surveying and indoor analyzing. Although Geumsan County (576.66km2) is more than 60% larger than Seocheon County (358.04km2), 607 villages in Geumsan County and 570 villages in Seocheon County are capable of making similar levels of 106.5% of wetlands, but only a fraction of those in Seocheon County were found to be 67.6%. The density of the village wetlands was much lower than that of Seocheon County, a coastal plain area, because there were many mountainous areas in Geumsan County, and most of the wetlands temporarily created for water supply were removed during the analysis phase of the Jeongsa Image, so the actual wetlands of the village were judged to be only two-thirds different from those of Seocheon County.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.169-198
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• 1996

The objectives of this investigation are : 1. To analyze spectral signature and the associated vegetation index for geometric illumination conditions inf1uenced by low solar elevation and high slope orientations in mountainous forest. 2. To assess the accuracy of the spectral angle mapper classification for the a winter land cover in comparison with the maximum likelihood classification. 3. To produce the image of water quality and water properties that could be used to estimate the water pollution sources and the tide-included by turbid water in estuarine and coastal areas. These objectives are to characterize environmental and ecological monitoring applications of the Nak-Dong River Basin by using Fuyo-1 OPS VNIR data acquired on December 26, 1992. The results of this paper are as follows : 1. The spectral digital numbers and vegetation indexes (NDVI and TVI) of mountainous forest are higher on the slope facing the sun than on the slope hidden the sun under low sun elevation condition. 2. The spectral angle mapper algorithm produces a more accurate land cover classification of areas with steep slope, various aspects and low solar elevation than the maximum likelihood classifier. 3. The maximum likelihood classification images can be used for identifying the location and movement of both freshwater and salt water, regardless of geometric illumination conditions. 4. The color-coded density sliced image of selected water bodies by using the near-infrared band 3 can provide distribution of the water quality of the Lower Nak-Dong River. 5. The color-coded normalized difference vegetation index image of the selected mountain forest is suitable to classify winter vegetation cover types, i.e., forest canopy densities for slope orientations.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.47-64
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• 2013

Landscape structure changes over the past three decades were determined with land use and land cover(LULC) maps, and their relationships with mean air temperature time series were the analyzed for the Busan metropolitan area and South Kyeongsang Province, Korea. The geometric structures of the LULC data were quantitatively represented based on FRAGSTATS, a spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. FRAGSTATS-derived landscape metrics confirmed that there were major changes in LULC and landscape fragmentation in the region. Meteorological observation records showed that mean air temperature had increased from $14.1^{\circ}C$ in the 1990's to $14.8^{\circ}C$ in the 2000's in Busan. For South Kyeongsang Province, they increased from $13.2^{\circ}C$ to $13.9^{\circ}C$ during the same time period. These long-term temperature changes are correlated with typical spatial pattern changes of LULC in the southeastern region of the country. Spatial metrics analysis showed that urban area expanded from 9.7% to 26.8% of Busan while forest and agricultural land decreased by 9.6% and 14.9%, respectively over the past thirty years. The significant urbanization are tightly associated with deforestation, removal of agricultural land, and fast temperature increases since the 1990's. The urban area of South Kyeongsang Province rapidly increased, and it became 12 times as large as it was. The degree of temperature increases differed among three different sub-regions. The temperature increasing rate was lowest in the coastal region while the colder mountainous region had the highest figure.