• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2012

Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia that covers 37.5% of the total land area. Multitemporal satellite images of Landsat and SPOT were used to examine deforestation and forest fragmentation in Sarawak between 1990 and 2009. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood classifier was used to classify the land cover types in Sarawak. The overall accuracies of all classifications were more than 80%. Our results showed that forests were reduced at 0.62% annually during the two decades. The peat swamp forest suffered a tremendous loss of almost 50% between 1990 and 2009 especially at coastal divisions due to intensified oil palm plantation development. Fragmentation analysis revealed the loss of about 65% of the core area of intact forest during the change period. The core area of peat swamp forest had almost completely disappeared during the two decades.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Planting trees is a very common practice in the coastal dunefields of South Korea as a way to stabilize dune landscapes and protect inland residential areas from strong winds and blown sands. On the other hand, disturbing the original foredune environment may deteriorate the ability of coastal landsto recover from coastal erosion after storms, causing a retreat of coastline. However, there is little information of this sort on the surface of forested dunefields. Airborne LiDAR or drone-based mapping is not easily applicable in such areas. In this study, we developed a digital terrain model of Dasari dunefields, Chungnam Province, based on direct topographic surveys with real-time kinematic GPS and total stations. We also analyzed previous two aerial photographs taken in 1947 and 1966, in order to detect an older landforms of the dunefields. Results suggested that there have been little changes in geomorphology of the Dasari dunefields for the last 50 years, despite continued tree plantings. Today, there are remains of U-shaped structures such as blowouts and parabolic dunes in the dunefields.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 2003

In Korea terrestrial fluvial sequences can be used as pedological and sedimentological markers indicating a millenium-scale environmental and climatic changes imprinted in fluvial sub-environments, which in turn are represented by the cyclicity of fluvial sands, backswamp organic muds, and flooding muds intercalations of frostcracked or dessicated brown paleosols. Post LGM and Holocene fluvial and alluvial sedimentary sequences of Korea are formed in such landscapes of coastal, floodplain, backswamp and hillslope areas. Among them, the most outstanding depositional sequences are fluvial gravels, sands and organic mud deposits in coastal, fluvial, or alluvial wetlands. The aim of this study is to explain the sedimentary sequences and palynofloral zones since the last 15,000years, on the basis of organic muds layers intercalated in fluvial sand deposits. Jangheung-ri site of Nam river, Soro-ri site of Miho river, Youngsan rivermouth site in Muan, Oksan-ri site of Hampyeong and Sanggap-ri site of Gochang are illustrated to interpret their sedimentary facies, radiocarbon datings, and palynofloral zonation. Up to the Middle to Late Last Glacial(up to 30-35Ka), old river-bed, flooding, and backswamp sequences contain such arboreal pollens as Pinus, Abies, and Picea, and rich in non-arboreal pollens like Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Ranunculaceae, and Compositae. During the LGM and post-LGM periods until Younger Dryas, vegetation has changes from the sub-alpine conifer forest(up to about 17-11Ka), through the conifer and broad-leaved deciduous forest, or mixed forest (formed during 16,680-13,010yrB.P), to the deciduous and broad-leaved forest (older than 9,500yrB.P). In the Earliest Holocene flooding deposits, fragments of plant roots are abundant and subjected to intensive pedogenic processes. During Holocene, three arboreal pollen zones are identified in the ascending order of strata； Pinus-Colyus zone(mixed conifer and deciduous broad-leaved forest, about up to 10Ka), Alnus-Quercus forest (the cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, about 10Ka-2Ka), and Pinus forest (the conifer forest, about after 2Ka), as examplified in Soro-ri site of Cheonwon county. The palynological zonations of Soro-ri, Oksan-ri, Sanggap-ri, Youngsan estuary, and Gimhae fluvial plain have been recognized as a provisional correlation tool, and zonations based on fluvial backswamp and flooding deposits shows a similar result with those of previous researchers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.201-209
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• 2013

The spread and expansion of pests and pathogens due to climate change have caused considerable reduction of rice yield in agricultural landscapes. This study was conducted to quantitatively analyze the spread of rice pathogens carried by insect pests on spatial network in South Korea using graph-theoretic methods. We identified the connectivity "backbone" of pathogen spread network among the cities along the coastal area of West Sea. In addition, we graphically represented 1) the core areas that can cause local and regional outbreaks of pathogens; and 2) the areas that act as bottlenecks in the spread of pathogen which can link the core areas. Especially, the cities in the coastal areas of West Sea that have the high density of rice crops, represented a low spread resistance to pathogen infection. These results may suggest insights into planning the integrated pest management possibly through regional collaboration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.154-171
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• 2010

This study was performed to show criteria of a National Ecological Network (NEN) for South Korea and it was a part of a study of ecological network for broad areas on national land showed by Ministry of Environment of Korea. After 1970s, many european countries presented methods and criteria not on individual protected area but on networking among many habitats. The PEEN (Pan European Ecological Network) and NATURA 2000 are results of those. In South Korea, concepts and mapping metheods of ecological network was studied but those were not applied to the whole national land because the equality and local specialities were not reflected. So, in this study, we presented the criteria composed of forest, river, wildlife and coastal evaluation items in conservation ecology and showed the mapping method which can applied to the national land. After the evaluation on land area which composed of forest, river and wildlife axis. Core areas were $30,616km^2$, buffer zone were $21,870km^2$ and each accounted for 31% and 22% of the national land. Except for Taebaeck-Gangwon region, whole region's core areas were accounted for 20~30% of it and buffer zone were accounted for 20~25% of it, so these can be applied to the national land with equality and local specialities. Forest axis and river axis were clearly linear and connected, but the wildlife axis was dispersed in point form. Therefore, to apply the NEN, a detailed habitat map is important and the interconnected implementation of forest, river, wildlife, and coastal axis is required.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.516-523
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• 2006

Marginal soils such as BRlS (Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales) soils and ex-tin mining land make up approximately 0.5 million ha or about 2% of Malaysia's land area. In the coastal areas of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia impoverished sandy BRIS dominates the landscape with most lying idle as there is no national management plan for their utilization. A field study was carried out to see whether mycorrhizal application had any effect on the growth of three exotic Acacia spp., i.e. Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium and Acacia hybrid (A. auriculiformis ${\times}$ A. mangium) on BRIS soils. Two types of mycorrhizal inoculum, namely, a commercially available arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum marketed as $MycoGold^{TM}$ and an indigenous ectomycorrhizal Tomentella sp. inoculum were tested. In the initial six months, height growth of all three tree species inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was significantly improved compared to the ectomycorrhizal inoculated and uninoculated control plants. The mycorrhizal effect was not evident thereafter and repeated application of the arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum may be necessary for continued growth enhancement. Of the three species, A. mangium had the highest relative height growth rate over the 24 months on BRlS soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the changes in soil chemical properties and the growth of seedling according to the different dredged soil improving methods at slope of Saemangeum sea dike. Undersea dredged soil was improved by five different methods. Seedlings of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Chionanthus retusa, Celtis sinensis, and Pinus thunbergii were planted after 9 month of experience site installation, then soil pH, NaCl concentration in soil, soil organic matter (SOM), and survival rate and height of seedling was measured. Initial soil pH was highest in the control plot but it decreased to the similar level with other soil improving plots after 35 months. There were no differences in NaCl concentration between the control and soil improving plots, and it showed decreasing tendency during the study period. In the control plot, initial SOM was lowest among that of other plots during the study period. The survival rate of 36 months after planting of P. thunbergii was highest among the species. The gap of the tree growth of P. thunbergii between the control plot and the soil improving plots was small, however, other species showed relatively higher tree height in the soil improving plots than the control plots. Creation forest with P. thunbergii might be a cost effective afforestation in coastal reclaimed land since it rarely needs additional improvement of dredged soil.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2013

It is important for genetic resources to collect and identify in native medium-leaf type zoysiagrasses species distributed in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate morphological variation and characteristics of native medium-leaf type zoysiagrasses from coastal, island and inland regions in Korea. Among them, 75 collected lines was confirmed to have various morphological variations, accessions were classified into 2 main based group coastal and inland regions by morphological characteristics and site environment. Group I included Z. sinica type, this group showed 3.7 mm in leaf width, 29 in number of seed per spikelet and 5.0 mm in seed length. Group II included Z. japonica type, this group showed 4.4 mm in leaf width, 42 in number of seed per spikelet and 3.5 mm in seed length. There is a need for additional research on growth characteristics and the molecular level for the introgressive hybridization between species which confirmed that cross-pollination is possible due to protogyny. The individuals showing variations should be preserved as valuable genetic resources for the expansion of variations in zoysiagrasses, and the results of this investigation on the genetic resources collected will be highly valuable in breeding high quality turfgrass.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.523-538
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• 2011

This study analyzes the changes in the surface area of each forest cover, based on temperature data analysis and satellite imagery as the basic methods for the impact assessment of climate change on regional units. Furthermore, future changes in the forest cover are predicted using the double exponential smoothing method. The results of the study have shown an overall increase in annual mean temperature in the studied region since 1990, and an especially increased rate in winter and autumn compared to other seasons. The multi-temporal analysis of the changes in the forest cover using satellite images showed a large decrease of coniferous forests, and a continual increase in deciduous forests and mixed forests. Such changes are attributed to the increase in annual mean temperature of the studied regions. The analysis of changes in the surface area of each forest cover using the statistical data displayed similar tendencies as that of the forest cover categorizing results from the satellite images. Accordingly, rapid changes in forest cover following the increase of temperature in the studied regions could be expected. The results of the study of the forest cover surface using the double exponential smoothing method predict a continual decrease in coniferous forests until 2050. On the contrary, deciduous forests and mixed forests are predicted to show continually increasing tendencies. Deciduous forests have been predicted to increase the most in the future. With these results, the data on forest cover can be usefully applied as the main index for climate change. Further qualitative results are expected to be deduced from these data in the future, compared to the analyses of the relationship between tree species of forest and climate factors.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 2024

This study investigates the physiological and psychological effects of a nature-based outdoor activity program in an environment reflecting the characteristics of forest and coastal areas on 30 firefighters (average age: 40.4 ± 9.8 years) who are frequently exposed to dangerous situations. Blood pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate variability were used as physiological measurement indicators, and the Korean versions of PANAS (positive affect and negative affect schedule), WEMWBS (Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale), and PRS (perceived restorativeness scale) were used as psychological measurement indicators. For four days and three nights, the participants experienced programs at Hallyeohaesang Nature Center and the surrounding mountains, seas, and islands, utilizing forest resources such as trekking on forest trails, walking barefoot, taking aromatic footbaths, meditating in forest oxygen domes, and lying on relaxation chairs, and programs utilizing marine resources such as taking a boat to an island, walking on forest trails with seascape views, and sailing on a yacht. Participants' systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure decreased, and participants' positive emotions increased and negative emotions decreased after the program. There was a statistically significant increase in mental well-being and perceived restorative environment. Through this study, it was found that nature-based outdoor activity programs based on forest and marine resources are effective in physiological and psychological stability of firefighters. It is hoped that the results of this study will be applied to other high-risk workers for PTSD, who have high stress levels, by combining forest healing and marine healing, and expanding the scope and diversity of programs in more diverse environments and conditions.