• Advances in Automotive Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-39
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• 2018

Clutch energy is the thermal energy dissipated on the clutch disc, and it reaches its highest level during drive-off as a result of the difference between the angular speeds of the flywheel and clutch disc, and the torque transmitted. The thermal energy dissipated effects the clutch life. This study presents a new drive-off and thermal model to calculate the clutch energy for a rear wheel driven heavy-duty vehicle and to analyze the effects of clutch energy on temperatures of clutch pressure plate, flywheel and clutch housing. Three different driver profiles are used, based on the release of the clutch pedal in modulation zone: i) the pedal travels with the same speed all the way, ii) the travel speed of the pedal increases, iii) the travel speed of the pedal decreases. Vehicle test is performed to check the accuracy of the model. When compared to a simpler model that is widely used in the literature to calculate the clutch energy, the model used in this study calculates the clutch energy and angular speed behaviors of flywheel and transmission input shaft in better agreement with experimental results. Clutch wear and total clutch life are also estimated using the mean specific friction power.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.134-145
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• 1996

Since the skid-steer loader is able to work for excavating, lifting and transporting load even at the narrow space, they are widely used in the regular farm and the livestock farm. The skid-steer loader normally adopts the hydrostatic transmission because the power to move the machine backward and forward should be delivered independently on both sides of wheels. Contrast to the mechanical system such as chain and belt transmissions, however, the hydrostatic transmission is less efficient in the use of energy and more difficult in the maintenance. This study was intended to investigate the feasibility of using triangular-type belt clutch and V-belt transmission for the newly developed skid-steer loader in order to overcome the problems stated in the hydrostatic transmission. In the developed triangular-type belt clutch, the centers of driving, driven and idler sheaves are arranged in the triangular shape in a plane, and V-belts were loaded loosely on three sheaves. The power is transmitted by pressing the idler connected to a lever on the loosened V-belt. Contrast to the normal belt clutch using two sheaves, the newly developed belt clutch has the characteristics of small contact-angle of the driving sheave at no bucket load and increasing contact-angle at the time of power transmission. The results of research can be summarized as follows: 1) The developed triangular-type belt clutch adopted a spring-loaded slackside idler which could transmit more power than a fixed idler could by sacrificing the belt life. The life of V-belt used in the power transmission reached at 500 hours(6 months) when the engine power of 11.8 ㎾ was transmitted. Also, it was feasible to develop the large industrial skid-loader with the V-belt transmission by using the proper set of sheaves. 2) The developed skid-steer loader changed the rotating radius and speed with bucket loads as the conventional skid steer loader did. The rotating speed was 47 deg/s at the maximum bucket load of 2.74 kN when the minimum rotating radius was 1.5m. 3) The power required in turning at the bucket load of 2.74 kN was 4 ㎾ and the slippage of V-belt was less than 1%.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2019

국군이 운용중인 대부분의 군 전용차량은 개발이 완료된지 15년이 넘었으며, 개발 당시의 기술력과 정비성을 고려하여 수동변속기를 채택하고 있다. 수동변속기는 엔진과 변속기 사이에 동력을 조절/차단하는 클러치를 포함한다. 본 연구의 대상이 되는 2.5톤 군용차량은 수동변속기와 클러치 시스템을 적용하고, 클러치 커버와 릴리스 베어링 간극을 수동으로 조절해야 했다. 이러한 특성으로 인하여 클러치 디스크 조기마모, 클러치 커버 파손 등의 품질문제가 발생하였다. 본 연구는 발생된 품질문제를 해결하기 위하여, 클러치 커버와 릴리스 베어링의 간극을 자동으로 설정하도록 하고 클러치 디스크 자체의 성능도 향상시키는 과정을 거쳤다. 개선된 시스템을 평가하기 위해서, 단시간에 기어변속을 하는 가속내구시험을 수행하였으며 추가적으로 군인이 직접 운전을 하여 차량에 적용하였을 때 이상이 없음을 증명하였다. 본 연구활동을 통해, 클러치 간극을 조정할 필요가 없도록 하여 차량 정비 인력의 정비시간을 단축하였다. 또한, 클러치 간극을 조정해 주지 못함으로써 발생되는 품질문제를 해소하여, 근본적인 개선책을 제시하였다고 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2008

Rates of molecular evolution are known to vary widely among taxonomic groups. A number of studies, examining various taxonomic groups, have indicated that body size is negatively and clutch size is positively correlated with the rates of nucleotide substitutions among vertebrate species. Generally, either smaller body mass or larger clutch size is associated with shorter generation times and higher metabolic rates. However, this generality is subject to ongoing debate, and large-scale comparative studies of species below the Order level are lacking. In this study, phylogenetically independent methods were used to test for relationships between rates of the mitochondrial cytochrome b evolution and a range of life history traits, such as body mass and clutch size in the Order Galliformes. This analysis included data from 67 species of Galliformes birds and 2 outgroup species in Anseriformes. In contrast to previous studies, taxa were limited to within-Order level, not to Class or higher. I found no evidence to support an effect of life history traits on the rate of molecular evolution within the Galliformes. These results suggest that such relationship may be too weak to be observed in comparisons of closely related species or may not be a general pattern that is applicable to all nucleotide sequences or all taxonomic groups.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2002

The characteristics of rubber cup seal is highly nonlinear due to the nature of the material's non-linearity and large deformation with frictional contact. And the performance of sealing in master cylinders of automobile is one of the most important factors which affects the safety of drivers. The effects of various shape of the primary cup seal in clutch master cylinder was investigated to reduce oil leakage and to obtain a long reliable life. Deformation and distribution of stresses on the primary cup seal against hydraulic oil pressure were analyzed with changing design parameters such as depth and radius in cup-seal. The obtained results indicate that the depth of cup seal plays a major role on deformation resulting in the sealing force to the wall of clutch master cylinder.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
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• pp.903-908
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• 2007

A retractor is the major component of a seatbelt system that restraints passengers by locking the movement of webbing. Recently, in order to increase the effectiveness of seatbelt systems, motorized retractors that remove slack and correct passenger posture just before airbag expansion when collision is predicted are widely used. Key component of motorized retractors is the one-way clutch that engages and disengages the winding action of webbing according to the direction of motor revolution. Analytical investigation of action of the one-way clutch mechanism has been carried out to figure out conditions for one-way locking, and to study the effect of various kinematic and dynamic design variables of one-way clutch. Using combination of ADAMS and LifeMOD soft-wares, dynamic simulation of operation of motorized retractors including Hybrid-III dummy model has been carried out to evaluate the performance of the motorized retractors in various crash scenarios.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2015

Excessive overheating to a manual transmission clutch system under operating conditions can be considered the main reason of its performance degradation. The clutch system has to be ensured with its service life by showing that it passes the extreme tests called anti-fade test and hill start test in a certain design step. In general, design feedbacks from these kinds of the experiments are adapted to the system to enhance its performance. However, it usually takes much time and costs a lot due to the repetition of the tests. In this research, a process to calculate temperature of the clutch system was developed to determine whether the design can be passed the anti-fade test and hill start test in the design phase. The process incorporates many CAE techniques such as heat transfer analysis using 1D dynamic simulation method, system dynamics, CFD and parametric optimization. CFD is utilized to analyze 3-dimensional heat transfer of the clutch system and fluid dynamics of air in the clutch housing. The process was applied for the clutch systems in several vehicle models. The results was compared with those of the experiment. The applicability of the developed process was verified by comparing the predicted results with experimental results.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2011

This study analyzes stress, fatigue and vibration at clutch on the rotation of wheel. Eigenfrequencies from 1'st to 6'th order about clutch assembly are shown with the vibration at more than 800Hz. Maximum equivalent stress is shown with the frequency of 800Hz in case of the harmonic vibration applied with force. Among the cases of nonuniform fatigue loads, 'SAE bracket history' with the severest change of load becomes most unstable but 'Sample history' becomes most stable. In case of 'Sample History' with the average stress of 0MPa to $-10^5$ MPa and the amplitude stress of 0MPa to $10^5$ MPa, the possibility of maximum damage becomes 3.23%. This stress state can be shown with 6 times more than the damage possibility of 'SAE bracket history' or 'SAE transmission'. The structural result of this study can be effectively utilized with the safe design of clutch.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.605-614
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• 1995

In the automatic transmission using planetary gear there exists nonlinearities due to the finite difference between gear ratios, which yield torque hole during shift and influence on the ride quality and life of clutch. Based on the reaction carrier and converter turbine speed sliding functions are defined. Nonlinear closed-loop control laws are derived using them. Computer simulation shows that the closed loop design is better than the open loop design and semi-closed loop design.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide a direction for improving the performance of triangular-type belt clutch. The power transmission characteristics and the wear of belt were investigated for two types of pulley set theoretically and experimentally. The results of research were summarized as follows: 1) Based on the theoretical analysis for the life time of belt, the wear of belt could be reduced by increasing the sizes of driving V-pulley and tension pulley, and by decreasing the tension on V-belt. 2) The pulley set # 2 could transmit more power than the pulley set # 1 could at the same slop rate. While the slip rate was 2.36% on the pulley set # 2 at the maximum power transmission, the slip rate on the pulley set # 1 was increased up to 12.2% at the same condition. 3) From the 16 hours' fatigue test, the wear of belt used n the pulley set # 1 was observed severer than that in the pulley set#2. Also, it was found that the tensile strength of belt used in the pulley set # 2 was greater than that of belt used in the pulley set # 1.