• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2002

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of bird community and habita types in Mangyeong River area from Aug. 1999 to Jun. 2000. Paddy field was the most dominant land use type. Water area, mudiflat. shrub field, urban area and green house wee also dominant land use types in study area Eighty-eight bird species were recorded during study period. Maxiamum number of species and individuals were shown as 58 species and 7,084 individuals in Oct. and Jan. respecitvely. There were low number of diving ducks and clumped pattem of waterfowl distribution of bird community in Mangyeong River area. Dabbing ducks distributed at upper reaches near Samrye Bridge, and plovers and sandpipers at lower reaches near estuary. Those results suggest that creation of pools over one meter water-depth and restoration of paddy field freld into riparian zone with diverse shrubs are required to imcrease th bird diversity in the Mangyeong rived.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 2014

Berchemia racemosa var. magna is only found in Anmyeon Island of South Korea. Genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure of B. racemosa var. magna in Anmyeon Island were studied by I-SSR marker system. Fifty I-SSR amplicons were produced from 8 selected primers. We used 13 polymorphic markers to analyze the genetic structure. Distribution of 39 individuals in the study plot($90m{\times}70m$) showed aggregate pattern (aggregation index = 0.706). Total 21 genets were observed from 39 individuals through I-SSR genotyping. Proportion of distinguishable genotype (G/N), genotype diversity (D) and genotype evenness (E) were 53.8%, 0.966 and 0.946, respectively. In spite of the small number and the narrow distribution, Shannon's diversity index (I = 0.598) was relatively high as compared with those of the other plant species. For ex situ genetic conservation of B. racemosa var. magna, the sampling strategy based on spatial autocorrelation using Tanimoto distance is efficient at choosing the conserved individuals with a 6 meter interval between individual trees.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2008

Ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a vector of oak wilt disease caused by Raffaelea sp. in Korea. The degree of damage by oak wilt disease was dependent on the density of the beetles in the oak trunk, a relationship between the degree of damage by oak wilt disease and the density of beetle on the basis of the number of entry hole was studied. Entry hole distribution within tree trunk was analyzed by the nearest neighbor method. Thirty four oak trees (Quercus mongolica) located in survey area were selected and then degree of damage, the number of attack hole/$623cm^2$ in upper (50cm from the surface) and lower (surface) trunk and the nearest neighbor distance between the holes were measured. The number of hole and the nearest neighbor distance in upper and lower part were positively correlated with each other. As the degree of damage was severer, the number of the holes increased, whereas the nearest neighbor distance decreased. The distribution pattern of the hole was changed from clumped one to uniform as the severity of damage increased. These results suggested that Platypus koryoensis attacked the oak tree in concentrative manner at initial stage of attack but at final stage, it distributed uniformly to reduce intraspecific competition between the beetles.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.202-225
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• 2017

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) has gained a lot of significance over the years as a means of income generation. Forests are playing a vital role in the supply of these products, however, due to their continuous extraction, the population of many species might have depleted. Very little information is known about community structure and population status of NTFPs. No specific studies have been made to find out the occurrence, availability of species and population status in the forests, supplying the resources. The present study has been carried out in community forests of the naturally occurring NTFPs in the temperate forest of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh. The main aim is to determine community structure, species composition and population status of NTFPs. Three forest stands viz., Nyilii, Dura and Gyachi were selected which are used by the Apatani tribe for extraction of the NTFPs. For evaluation of species composition and community characteristics, the sampling of the vegetation was done using the quadrat method. A total 137 species representing 68 families and 116 genera were recorded. Herbs represent the maximum diversity with 71 species followed by 35 shrub species and 31 tree species. The families Asteraceae and Rosaceaeae exhibited maximum representation followed by Urticaceae. The species under Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae were found to be important NTFP yielding species. Highest species richness was recorded in Nyilii having 124 species, while lowest in Dura with 102 species. Density of tree, shrub and herb ranged between 376 to $456\;individuals\;ha^{-1}$, 2848 to $3696\;individuals\;ha^{-1}$ and 31.44 to $36.64\;individuals\;m^{-2}$, respectively. The total basal area was found to be highest ($51.64m^2\;ha^{-1}$) in Dura followed by Nyilii ($25.32m^2\;ha^{-1}$) and lowest in Gyachi ($22.82m^2\;ha^{-1}$). In all the three study stands the species diversity indices showed the trend, herbs > shrubs > trees while the evenness index showed the trend as shrubs > herbs > trees. The overall species similarity index was highest (82.35%) between Dura and Gyachi. About 80% of the total recorded species showed clumped distribution while, no regular distribution was shown by any species. The three selected stands harbor about 50 important NTFP yielding species which are being used commonly by the Apatani people in their day to day life. Among the three study sites, overall diversity of NTFP was found highest in the Nyilii stand while the density of population was found better in Dura and Gyachi stands. The population of many species was found to be low due to continue harvesting without any sustainable management by the communities. All the selected forest stands have the potentiality to grow the high value NTFP yielding species and if managed properly, they can support the livelihood and economy of the local communities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1988

Gulbis were made of raw Pseudosciaena manchurica by different salting methods and drying conditions. During the Gulbi processing, the contents of trimethylamine(TMA), dimethylamine(DMA) and formaldehyde(FA) were chemically analyzed and the distribution of fat was microscopically observed. The contents of TMA, DMA and FA in raw sample were 0.9mg, 3.19mg and 0.19mg per 100g, respectively. The TMA contents in Gulbi were rapidly increased to 24.82-76.32mg during drying, while the DMA contents in Gulbi were slowly increased and FA contents in Gulbi remained nearly unchanged. These changes were not influenced by the kinds of salt and salting methods. The formation rates of TMA and DMA were twice faster dried by the controlled condition than the natural condition. The fat in muscle moved to the skin layer through connective tissue with the laps of drying time. The extent of fat shifting was smaller salted by purified salt than by bay salt. The muscle tissue of Gulbi dried by the controlled condition had clearer spaces between white muscles than that of the natural condition. The muscle tissue of Gulbi salted with purified salt exsisted orderly, while the sample salted with bay salt was clumped.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 1998

Sex ratios, and patterns of tree size and growth variation, resource allocation, spatial and age class distribution between the sexes were investigated in natural populations of the sexual trees, R. trichocarpa and R. sylvestris, and the mainly asexual, clonal tree, R. javanica of the dioecious Rhus (Anacardiaceae) distributed in Korea. Sex ratios for three species exhibited a significant degree of female bias, but among the populations, sex ratios were seen to vary quite widely. The measurement of tree size and annual increment of male trees in R. trichocarpa and R. sylvestris were significantly higher than those of female trees, but not significantly different in R. javanica. In all of the species, flowering branch number per individual and inflorescence number per branch of males outnumbered those of females. Branch number per individual, rachis(leaf) number per branch and rachis(leaf) number per inflorescence were more in females than in males. These results were considered as reproductive efforts to increase the pollen supply in males and the fruit production in females. Spatial distribution analysis in two different populations of R. trichocarpa indicated that males and females were randomly distributed in space, but seedlings were clumped around parental trees. Analysis of age class distributions between the sexual reproduction trees, R. triclaocarpa and R. sylvestris, and the asexual, clonal tree, R. javanica showed a different distribution in frequencies of males and females in each age class. These results showed that sexual and asexual reproduction tree species had almost different preference of habitats, and different sex ratio and annual growth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

Establishments of the seedlings inside the natural forest from adjacent artificial forests would be an important factor in forest stand dynamics. This study was conducted to see the invasion of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings which is not native in this region, into the natural deciduous broad-leaved forest in Gwangneung, Korea. There is no mother tree at the I ha study site while the number of naturally regenerated P. koraiensis seedlings was 345 trees and 56% of them were clumped with more than two seedlings at each point. Applying the image segmentation method to IKONOS satellite image of January, 2003, the distance from the center of 1 ha study site to the nearest mother tree and plantation of Korean pine were 200 m and 270 m, respectively. The average height and root-collar diameter of the seedlings were 34 em and 7 mm, respectively and the age of 207 seedlings (60%) were below 5 years old. Most abundant range of soil moisture gradient and LAl (leaf area index) were from 16 to 20% and those of LAI were from 3.1 to 3.5. To understand the dynamics and seed dispersal pattern of Korean pine in the Gwangneung natural deciduous broad-leaved forests, additional studies not only long-term monitoring of growth and mortality of naturally regenerated Korean pine seedlings but also application of stable isotope analysis and molecular genetic techniques was recommended.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2006

The change of species composition and stand structure along altitudinal gradients in different aged stands was studied in five natural stands located each at 400 m, 800 m, 1,000 m, and two at 1,300 m above sea level (asl) in the western part of Mt. Chiri in Korea. Trees larger than 2.5 cm DBH were inventoried in 3 to 8 $20m{\times}20m$ quadrats in each study site. Stand ages were estimated based on the ages of Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. and Abies koreana Wilson, and used to analyze the changes in species composition and stand structure including diameter and height distributions. Species composition was changed along altitudinal gradients as P. densiflora dominated stands at 400 m asl while A. koreana dominated stands at 1,300 m asl. Major species of Quercus also changed along altitudinal gradients as Quercus variabilis Blume at 400 m asl, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray at 800 m asl, and Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. at higher than 1,000 m asl. The diameter distribution did not show significant differences among stands of different altitudes. However, the height distributions of upper crown layers were significantly different among stands at below and above 1,000 m as) (P < 0.0001). Trees taller than 20 m rarely appeared in stands over 1,000 m asl. P. densiflora dominant stands at 400 m asl developed two clumped age groups as one in 30-40 ages and the other around 70 years old. Q. serrata dominant stands at 800 m asl, Q. mongolica dominant stands at 1,300 m asl and A. koreana dominant stands at 1,300 m asl were estimated to be around 30, 70, and over 140 years old after major disturbances, respectively. The diameter distribution with age structure indicated that P. densiflora at 1,300 m asl might be replaced by Q. mongolica, and Q. mongolica might be replaced by A. koreana and Pinus koraiensis later. A. koreana dominant stand seemed to stay its dominance quite long if the large disturbance would be absent.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.679-690
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• 2008

The objectives of this study are to investigate and analyze the vegetation structure and population dynamics of Berchemia racemosa habitats in the Weolmyung park in Gunsan city, and base on that to seek the ecological habitat conservation plan for the Berchemia racemosa. In results, the Berchemia racemosa habitats are located at $81{\sim}93$ meters above the sea level, in steep seaside slope of a mountain. The soil texture are silt loam mainly and soil pH were $4.1{\sim}5$. The vascular plants in the Berchemia racemosa habitats has been analyzed as 61 taxa; 33 families, 51 genera, 54 species, 6 varieties, and 1 forms. Berchemia racemosa as a Specific plant species by floral region was the class V. Berchemia racemosa habitats were classified into 7 vegetation communities of Quercus serrata community(A1), Alnus firm a community(A2), Platycarya strobilacea community(A3), Robinia pseudoacacia community(A4) and 3 Pinus densiflora communities(B1, B2, B3). The importance value of Berchemia racemosa were 30%(A1), 15%(A2), 27%(A3), 65%(A4), 18%(B1), 45%(B2) and 35%(B3) on shrubs layer and 12, 27, 20, 18, 11, 18, 21 % on herb layer. The constant companion species with Berchemia racemosa were Stephanandra incisa and Ligustrum obtusifolium. Total 103 populations appear in the 7 Berchemia racemosa habitats. Their spatial distribution pattern were clumped for the most part. The average height was 133cm, the root color diameter was 4.4cm and the ramification branch number was 9.4. From the results of this study, it is suggested the continued monitoring and the active protection measures for the Berchemia racemosa habitats.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.176-185
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• 2014

There are no population ecological research on the natural monument (No. 191) Jeju Cymbidium kanran in South Korea. In this study, we analyzed the population structure and fine-scale habitat affinity of C. kanran in Sanghyo-dong, Jejudo Island from Oct. 2013 to Feb. 2014. We observed total of 1,237 individuals (4,341 pseudobulbs) of C. kanran (989.6 population $ha^{-1}$) within (1.25 ha) and only 17 (1.4%) individuals were inflorescent. In 60.9% of the entire populations, disease symptoms such as spots and blight leaves were observed. C. kanran populaton exhibited reverse-J shaped size distribution based on leaf area classes as individual size parameter. The three size related attributes of C. kanran (no. of pseudobulb $r_s$=-0.159, no. of leaves $r_s$=-0.148 and leaf arera $r_s$=-0.114) and soil temperature revealed a negative relationship (p<0.0001). Most of C. kanran (95.4%) were grown under Castamopsis cuspidata and spatially, C. kanran were strongly clumped at all distances. Population characteristics of C. kanran in the study area were likely originated from species habitat affinity and successional environment. Through this study, base line data for C. kanran's habitat monitoring was established and conservation measures based on population characteristics were discussed.