• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

Botulinum toxins are the most potent toxins known to mankind. Botulinum toxin acts by blocking the cholinergic neuromuscular or the cholinergic autonomic innervation of exocrine glands and smooth muscles. Seven distinct antigenic botulinum toxins (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) produced by different strains of Clostridium botulinum have been described and only A and B type of botulinum toxins were clinically used. Toxins were consisted of a heavy chain with a molecular weight of 100 kD and a light chain with a molecular weight of 50 kD. Toxins are bound with an astounding selectivity to glycoprotein structures located on the cholinergic nerve terminal. Subsequently light chain of toxin is internalized and cleaves different proteins of the acetylcholine transport protein cascade transporting the acetylcholine vesicle from the intracellular space into the synaptic cleft. After a decade of therapeutic application of the toxin, no anaphylaxis or deaths have been reported and systemic adverse effects have not been reported so far. However the toxin's immunologic properties can lead to the stimulation of antibody production, potentially rendering further treatments ineffective. Botulinum toxin is a safe and effective treatment. Use of botulinum toxin in clinical medicine has grown exponentially in recent years, and many parts of the human body are now being targeted for therapeutic purposes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.295-301
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• 2017

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A) is a neurotoxin that selectively attacks the peripheral cholinergic nerve endings. It is produced by Gram -positive, endospore-forming strict anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium botulinum. Since BoNT/A could be a biothreat agent, as well as a contaminator of food and water supplies, the development of sensitive assays for toxin detection and potent antitoxin for the treatment of intoxication is necessary. In this study, for the purpose of producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are capable of neutralizing Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), scFv (single-chain variable domain fragment) libraries from the rabbit antisera against BoNT/A was fused to a human IgG. The resulting recombinant scFvIgG antibody protein was expressed in stable cell lines and was purified using a protein A affinity chromatography. The efficacy of scFvIgG mAb was confirmed by ELISA and was evaluated for the neutralization of BoNT/A in vivo. Such an in vivo toxin neutralization assay was performed using mice. Although scFvIgG antibody proteins (10 ug) failed to fully protect the mice challenged with BoNT/A (100,000 $LD_{50}$), it significantly prolonged the survival time. These results suggest that scFvIgG mAb may be capable of neutralizing BoNT/A single-chain variable domain fragment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2012

Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The agent causes muscle paralysis by preventing the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of striated muscle. Botulinum toxin A (Botox, AllerganInc., Irvine, California) is the most potent of seven distinct toxin subtypes that are produced by the bacterium. The toxin was initially used clinically in the treatment of strabismus caused by hypertonicity of the extraocular muscles and was sub-sequently described in the treatment of multiple disorders of muscular spasticity and dystonia. In treating patients with Botox for blepharospasm, Carruthers and Carruthers [5] noticed an improvement in glabellar rhytids. This ultimately led to the introduction and development of Botox as a mainstay in the treatment of hyperfunctional facial lines in the upper face. Since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of facial rhytids (2002), botulinum toxin A has expanded into wide-spread clinical use. Forehead, glabellar, and periocular rhytids are the most frequently treated facial regions. Indications for alternative uses for Botox in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery are expanding. These include a variety of well-established procedures that use Botox as an adjunctive agent to enhance results. In addition, Botox injection is finding increased usefulness as an independent modality for facial rejuvenation and rehabilitation. The agent is used beyond its role in facial rhytids as an effective agent in the management of dynamic disorders of the face and neck. Botox injection allows the physician to precisely manipulate the balance between complex and conflicting muscular interactions, thus resetting their equilibrium state and exerting a clinical effect. This article will address some of the new and unique indications on Botox injection in the face (the lower face and neck, combination with fillers). Important points in terms of its clinical relevance will be stressed, such as an understanding of functional facial anatomy, the importance of precise injections, and correct dosing all are critical to obtaining natural outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical properties of isolated bacteria, low temperature tolerant methane-producing clostridia which were selected for using them as inoculum to anaerobic fermentation of agricultural and livestock wastes at low temperature. The results were; 1. Low temperature tolerant methane-producing clostridia were isolated from the samples which showed the high methanogenesis rate by enrichment culture at low temperature in cellulose medium. These clostridia, Clostridium botulinum SRC-64, Clostridium scatologens SRC-91 and Clostridium tyrobutyricum SRC-100, were isolated from swampy sediment at latitude $56.9^{\circ}N$, lake sediment IV at latitude $55.0^{\circ}N$, and tidal land soil II at latitude $37.0^{\circ}N$, respectively. The optimum growth temperature for these isolates was $37^{\circ}C$ and the minimum, around $10^{\circ}C$. They all had detectable amount of $F_{420}$, specific coenzyme of methanogens. 2. As anaerobic fermentation products of glucose SRC-64 produced $H_2$, acetic, isovaleric and caproic acid, SRC-91 produced $H_2$, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acid, and SRC-100 produced only acetic and propionic acid. The isolates were produced $CH_4$ ranged from 2.6 to 8.68 n moles/ml for 2 days at $13^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.325-331
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• 2013

Botulinum neurotoxin(BoNT) is a protease exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. It works by blocking the release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve endings causing inactivity of muscles or glands. Recently, the therapeutic use of BoNT have expanded to include a wide range of medical and dental conditions. Botulinum neurotoxin type A(BoNT/A) is used off-label in the orofacial region to treat primary and secondary masticatory and facial muscle spasm, severe bruxism, facial tics, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonias, and hypertrophy of the masticatory muscles. Local hematoma, infection, and persistent pain in the injection site are the site-of-injection side effects. Medication-related side effects are adjacent muscle weakness, slurred speech, an alteration in the character of the saliva, and severe headaches. In most cases, these complications are not persistent and bothersome. We reported a case report of a patient who had transient anterior open bite after BoNT/A injection on masseter muscles to treat the refractory myofascial pain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.719-727
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• 2011

Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum, which produces seven (A-G) antigenically diverse neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are the most poisonous substances known to humans, with a median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of approximately 1 ng/kg of body weight. Owing to their extreme potency and lethality, they have the potential to be used as a bioterrorism agent. The mouse bioassay is the gold standard for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins; however, it requires at least 3-4 days for completion. Attempts have been made to develop an ELISA-based detection system, which is potentially an easier and more rapid method of botulinum neurotoxin detection. The present study was designed using a synthetic gene approach. The synthetic gene encoding the catalytic domain of BoNT serotype B from amino acids 1-450 was constructed with PCR overlapping primers (BoNT/B LC), cloned in a pQE30 UA vector, and expressed in an E. coli M15 host system. Recombinant protein production was optimized at 0.5 mM IPTG final concentration, 4 h post induction, resulting in a maximum yield of recombinant proteins. The immunogenic nature of the recombinant BoNT/B LC protein was evaluated by ELISA. Antibodies were raised in BALB/c mice using various adjuvants. A significant rise in antibody titer (p<0.05) was observed in the Alum group, followed by the Titermax Classic group, Freund's adjuvant, and the Titermax Gold group. These developed high-titer antibodies may prove useful for the detection of botulinum neurotoxins in food and clinical samples.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1975

The neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum type B was purified from a liquid culture. The purification steps consist of ammonium sulfate precipitation of whole culture, treatment of Polymin P(0.15%, v/v), gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH5.6 and DEAE-Sephadex charomatography at pH8.0. The procedure recovered 17% of the toxin assayed in the starting culture. The toxin was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had a molecular weight of 163,000. Subunits of 106,000 and 56,000 molecular weight were found when purified toxin was treated with a disulfide-reducing agent and electro phoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2014

Clostridium chauvoei is the etiologic agent of blackleg, a high mortality rated disease infection mainly cattle. In the present study, the partial sequences of 16S rRNA and flagellin gene of C. chauvoei isolated in Jeonbuk, Korea were determined and compared with those of reference strain. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 811 bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene and 1229 bp fragment of flagellin gene. Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene showed high homology to the reference strains ranging 82.3% to 100%, while flagellin gene were different from published foreign clostridia, showing 98.7% to 72.0% nucleotide sequence homology. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene revealed the close phylogenetic relationship of C. chauvoei and C. septicum in cluster I, which includes C. carnis, C. tertium, C. quinii, C. celatum, C. perfringens, C. absonum, C. botulinum B. Phylogentic analysis also revealed that flagellin gene formed a single cluster with C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi A, C. novyi B, C. tyrobutylicum, C. acetobutylicum. The genetic informations obtained from this study could be useful for the molecular study of C. chauvoei.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2012

There have been growing concerns among people about food safety due to insufficient information on foodborne pathogens. In this study, we developed a risk priority of 15 foodborne pathogens. For the priority determination we collected risk profile criteria information from CODEX Alimentarius Commission and developed countries. The basis for criteria we selected from information of surveillance were frequency and severity of disease, frequency of consumption and probability of cross-contamination. We also considered foodborne pathogens which have been managed in developed countries though those pathogens are not currently managed appropriately in Korea. Priorities were divided into three groups following these consideration. The first priority group includes Norovirus, pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella spp, Clostridium botulinum and Listeria monocytogenes. The second priority group includes Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Stapylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni and Bacillus cereus, and the third priority group includes Clostridium perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella spp, Cronobacter sakazakii and Hepatitis A virus. Our results could be applied to prevent foodborne illness from fresh produce.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2021

A beautiful smile is made when it is symmetrical and gums are displayed less than 2 - 3 mm. Excessive gingival display also known as "gummy smile" is often recognized to be unaesthetic. Causes of gummy smile can be caused by delayed eruption, vertical maxillary excess, hypermobile upper lip, or a short upper lip. Meanwhile botulinum toxin which is an exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum, works by blocking the release of acetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve end plates leading to inactivity of the muscles. The application site and weakens the muscle tone is drawing attention as a gummy smile treatment caused by hypermobile upper lip. There have been many studies about the method of injecting botulinum toxin into muscles around the lips, but there is still no standardized research method and treatment method, so there is controversy over the therapeutic effect. The aim of this study is to review the previous studies about the predictors of indication and effects of gummy smile treatment using botulinum toxin injection. Especially we tried to propose a protocol for optimal dose and efficient injection point through the anatomical considerations for gummy smile treatment using botulinum toxin.