• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 1999

This research was planned to propose some suggestions on the management of stream water quality in the closed valley areas of the Puk'ansan National Park during July 1998 to June 1999. A closed valley area should designate whole valley area. Stream water quality monitoring should include investigation on cations ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$), anions ($Cl^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) and suspended solids. A counterplan for stream water preservation and its practical application should be considered before closing a valley area. Also, the results of stream water quality in the closed valley areas in the National Park should be informed to the public. Discharged water from private areas such as a Buddhist temple, shelter, resting place, shopping center, etc. in the National Park should be checked and cleaned. We need to establish regulations on the utilization of stream side area in the park, and trails near the closed valley should also be included in the areas.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

After researching 40 rural areas named 'valley' in Goesan County, Chungbuk Province, they are classified by 2 two classes. Firstly, villages located on the crossways valley are 22 of 40, they are located on the valley which is at right angles with a direction of light of a mountain range. A closed valley location is placed in the deep valley against a background mountain range. It is divided with closed large valley and small valley. Secondly, an open valley location style is 14 of 40. It means the villages are paralleled with a direction of mountain and located with same direction of entrance. This study is carried out to understand the characteristic of location in vernacular agricultural villages by judging from natural environment around the village. For this purpose, there were selected 3 villages of the valley categirized villages in Geosan Area which lean against valley. After classifying these sample by the morphorogical approach, according to compare them with pre-researched villages, the methodology of spatial structure was investigated in agriculture villages.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2007

After researching 154 rural areas named 'valley' in Goesan County, Chungbuk Province, they are classified by 2 two classes. Firstly, villages located on the crossways valley are 109 of 154, they are located on the valley which is at right angles with a direction of light of a mountain range. A closed valley location is placed in the deep valley against a background mountain range. It is divided with closed large valley and small valley. Secondly, an open valley location style is 45 of 154. It means the villages are paralleled with a direction of mountain and located with same direction of entrance.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.289-303
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• 2009

The chemical and meteorological effects on the concentration variations of ozone ($O_3$) were evaluated based on the intensive air quality measurement (5 pollutants and aromatic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs)) in and out-side an urban valley during spring and summer of 2006. The 5 pollutants measured in the study area include $O_3$, $NO_2$, NO, $PM_{10}$, and CO; the AVOCs include benzene (BEN), toluene (TOL), ethylbenzene (EB), m,p-xylene (MPX), and o-xylene (OX). For the purpose of this study, study areas were classified into two categories: valley area (VA) with a semi-closed topography covering a number of industrial complex, public building, and mountains and non-valley area (NVA) surrounding the suburban and residential areas. In general, the mean concentration levels of most pollutants (except for $PM_{10}$) in the VA were higher than those in the NVA. It was found that the average $O_3$ increase in the VA during spring might result from the combined effects such as the photochemical production from diverse anthropogenic sources and the $O_3$ accumulation due to geographical features (e.g., the semi-closed topography) and wind conditions (e.g., a low wind speed). In addition, the nocturnal $O_3$ increase in the VA during spring was primarily caused by local wind conditions (e.g., mountain and valley winds) with the low wind speed (approximately $1{\sim}2\;m\;s^{-1}$). On the other hand, the $O_3$ difference between the two areas during summer might be because of the photo-chemical production with the $O_3$ precursors (especially the AVOCs) rather than the contribution of wind conditions.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.153-163
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• 2012

The seasonal variations of ozone ($O_3$) concentrations were investigated with regard to the relationship between $O_3$ and wind distributions at two different sites (Jung Ang (JA): a semi-closed topography and Seo Chang (SC): a closed topography) within a valley city (Yangsan) and their comparison between these sites (JA and SC) and two non-valley sites (Dae Jeo (DJ) and Sang Nam (SN)) located downwind from coastal cities (Busan and Ulsan). This analysis was performed using the data sets of hourly $O_3$ concentrations, meteorological factors (especially, wind speed and direction), and those on high $O_3$ days exceeding the 8-h standard (60 ppb) during 2008-2009. In summer and fall (especially in June and October), the monthly mean values of the daily maximum $O_3$ concentrations and the number of high $O_3$ days at JA (and SC) were relatively higher than those at DJ (and SN). The increase in daytime $O_3$ concentrations at JA in June was likely to be primarily impacted by the transport of $O_3$ and its precursors from the coastal emission sources in Busan along the dominant southwesterly winds (about 5 m/s) under the penetration of sea breeze condition, compared to other months and sites. Such a phenomenon at SC in October was likely to be mainly caused by the accumulation of $O_3$ and its precursors due to the relatively weak winds under the localized stagnant weather condition rather than the contribution of regional transport from the emission sources in Busan and Ulsan.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2010

2007년 2월 22일 설악산국립공원 천불동계곡 병풍교 부근에서 대규모 낙석이 발생하였고, 탐방로가 한동안 폐쇄되었었다. 설악산국립공원내에서는 기후변화로 인한 암반의 절리, 풍화와 지표수 등의 급격한 변화로 유사한 낙석사고 빈도가 잦아지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 계곡바닥에서 높이 80m 부근에서 발생한 대규모 낙석의 정밀조사에 근거하여 낙석의 거동을 분석하였고, 낙석에너지를 산정하였다. 분석결과로부터 설악산국립공원내의 자연환경을 훼손하지 않고, 위험요소를 최소화할 수 있는 효과적인 낙석관리방법을 제안하였다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 폐쇄집수역의 냉기호 현상을 기존의 냉기집적효과와 연계하여 일 최저기온 분포를 모의할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 집수역 내 찬 공기가 담길 '그릇'의 용적을 계산하고 '그릇'안에 집적되는 냉기량을 고도에 따라 표현하였다. 기존의 계곡지형 냉기류에 냉기호를 합산하여 냉기집적으로 인한 기온하강분을 계산하였다. 이때 냉기호의 '수면'은 일교차 조건에 따라 변화시켰다. 이 방법을 검증하기 위해 경남 하동군 악양계곡의 200m 이하 냉기호 형성지역에 기상관측기 10대에서 1분 단위로 기온을 측정하였다. 5월 17일 새벽에는 형제봉 정상에서 적외선 영상 복사계로 지면온도분포를 획득하였다. 개선된 소기후 모형을 적용하여 0530 LST의 기온 분포를 30m 해상도로 추정한 결과 그 양상이 적외선 열영상 분포와 유사하였다. 10개 기상관측지점에 해당하는 격자의 기온추정값을 추출하여 실측값과 비교한 결과, MAE는 1.01에서 0.60으로, RMSE 1.30에서 0.71으로 감소하여 집수역 출구에 가까운 저지대 평야부분에서 발생하는 기존 방법에 의한 오차가 개선되었다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.152-160
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the physical characteristics and tranquility of the valleys located in Gangwon region. For this study we analyzed the field survey data 135 valleys using GIS. The elements for measurement of tranquility were divided into visual elements including terrain, objects, forest, water and auditory elements including noise. These elements were divided further into positive and negative factors. The weight of each element and item was calculated by applying the AHP method. The results of this study are as follows. The length of the valley ranged from 126 m to 17 km, and the elevation ranged from 40 m to 1,800 m. Type of mixed forest was common in the valleys. The depth of the water was over 20 cm in 83% of the total area and most of the water was in good condition in visual quality. Regarding the positive factors of tranquility, the weighted scores of the objects, waterfall sounds and visual transparence of the water were of relatively high value. Relatively high values were also shown in closed and curved topography in the landform, forest type and natural forests. In the negative factors, the weights of the objects and forest elements had high values. Within the facility groups, facility of the river produced a considerable negative. After applying the index of tranquility, the natural physical attributes affected the tranquility value, more than the manmade structures to a much greater degree.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2020

본 연구는 강원도 원주시에 설치된 사방댐을 대상으로 장마 전·후의 자료를 비교·분석하여 사방댐에 의한 저서성 대형무척추 동물의 군집 변화를 파악하고자 하였다. 조사시기는 2019년 3월부터 9월까지 총 4회 조사를 실시하였으며, 조사지점은 불투과형 사방댐(전석), 투과형 사방댐(버트리스), 대조지역을 선정하여 사방댐을 기준으로 상류 2지점, 하류 2지점을 조사하였다. 유속은 불투과형, 투과형, 대조지역의 지점에서 대부분 증가하였으며, 불투과형은 St. 3에서 장마 이후 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 저서성 대형무척추동물의 종수 및 개체수는 장마 이후 대부분 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 투과형과 대조지역의 개체수 감소율은 전석에 비해 비교적 유사한 것으로 나타났다. EPT 그룹의 종수 및 개체수는 장마 이후 대부분 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 유사도 분석 결과, 장마 이전에는 불투과형 및 투과형이 대조지역과 38.4%로 구분되었으나, 장마 이후에는 투과형과 대조지역이 불투과형과 51.3%로 구분되었다. PCA 분석 결과, Axis 1을 기준으로 불투과형은 장마 전·후로 양의 값을 나타내었으며, 투과형과 대조지역은 장마 전·후 음의 값을 나타내어 불투과형 보다는 투과형이 대조지역과 상관성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. EPT 그룹은 불투과형에서 하루살이목, 투과형과 대조지역에서 날도래목이 분포하는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구결과, 사방댐 설치는 저서성 대형무척추동물 군집에 변화를 초래할 수 있으며, 불투과형 보다는 상대적으로 투과형이 대조지역과 장마 이후 군집 차이가 적은 것으로 분석되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.341-348
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• 2001

Population dynamics of the oldest relic stand of Pinus densiflora for. erecta which remains as a status of patch in Sokwang-Ri area, Uljin-Gun, was studied to provide the basic data for conservation of the oldest pine stand in Korea. The upper slope site and ridge site including total 12 plots mainly represented Pinus densiflora for. erecta and Quercus mongolica. These two tree species showed reverse J-shaped distribution. From this information, it was concluded that intensive interspecific competition between two species could be occurring. Age distribution of P. densiflora for. erecta on the sites above middle slope area was indicated bi-modal type or tri-modal type which was known as an age structure of climax forest. Therefore, it was estimated that Pinus densiflora for. erecta population could be continuously maintained in the each patch above middle slope area. In the valley sites, hardwood species such as Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Styrax obassia and Acer pseudosieboldianum occupied most part of the under crown-cover area and their seedlings and saplings were developing into the closed upper layer crown because the height of upper layer crown reached about 35 meters and such a high crown height was more suitable for light utilization by plants of under layer. The growth patterns were mainly fluctuated for the entire life time of the oldest tree caused by frequent disturbance. And the initial growth curves of the mature trees and suppressed juvenile trees showed different tendencies along the sites.