• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2015

The aims of the current study were to assess reliability of range of motion (ROM) measurement of glenohumeral internal rotation (GIR) with a pressure biofeedback stabilization (PBS) method and to compare the reliability between manual stabilization (MS) and the PBS method. In measurement of pure glenohumeral joint motion, scapular stabilization is necessary. The MS method in GIR ROM measurement was used to restrict scapular motion by pressing the palm of the tester's hand over the subject's clavicle, coracoid process, and humeral head. The PBS method was devised to maintain consistent pressure for scapular stabilization during GIR ROM measurement by using a pressure biofeedback unit. GIR ROM was measured by 2 different stabilization methods in 32 subjects with GIR deficit using a smartphone clinometer application. Repeated measurements were performed in two test sessions by two testers to confirm inter- and intra-rater reliability. After tester A performed measurements in test session 1, tester B's measurements were conducted one hour later on the same day to assess the inter-rater reliability and then tester A performed again measurements in test session 2 for confirming the intra-rater reliability. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1) was applied to assess the inter-rater reliability and ICC (3,1) was applied to determine the intra-rater reliability of the two methods. In the PBS method, the intra-rater reliability was excellent (ICC=.91) and the inter-rater reliability was good (ICC=.84). The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the PBS method was higher than in the MS method. The PBS method could regulate manual scapular stabilization pressure in inter- and intra-rater measuring GIR ROM. Results of the current study recommend that the PBS method can provide reliable measurement data on GIR ROM.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability and validity of pelvic tilting angle measurements using a smart phone-based inclinometer (Clino) compared to a palpation meter (PALM) in the standing and sitting position. This study used an interchangeable method with Clino to measure the pelvic tilting angle in the standing and sitting positions. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were recruited. Measurements of the pelvic tilting angle in the standing and sitting positions were obtained by two examiners using the Clino and PALM. A resting session was conducted 10 minutes later to assess the intra and inter rater reliability. To assess validity of the measurement using Clino, a PALM was used as the gold standard. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the intra and inter rater reliability of Clino and a PALM. To assess the validity, the Pearson correlation coefficients were used for two measurement techniques to measure the pelvic tilting angle in the standing and sitting positions. The statistical significance was set to ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: Measurements of the pelvic tilt had high inter-rater reliability in the standing (ICC=0.82) and sitting (ICC=0.88) positions using Clino and intra-rater reliability in the standing (ICC=0.87) and sitting (ICC=0.91) positions using Clino. Measurements of the pelvic tilt had high validity by a comparison of PALM and Clino in the standing (r=0.83) and sitting (r=0.89) positions (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of Clino can be recommended as a tool to replace the PALM and measure the pelvic tilt angle in the standing and sitting positions while maintaining the clinical reliability and validity.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of Jeonbuk tri-pull taping and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercise on the shoulder's active range of motion, pain, subluxation, upper extremity function, and activities of daily living in patients with stroke. Methods: In this study, Jeonbuk tri-pull taping and PNF exercise were applied to three patients with stroke and subluxation. The tape was removed and new tape applied for two days every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday over six consecutive weeks. PNF exercise was applied five times a week for six weeks. To measure the range of motion, a smart phone clinometer application was used, and the degree of pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). A jig measuring method was employed to measure the distance of subluxation. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) was used to evaluate arm function, and the modified Barthel Index (MBI) was employed to evaluate the activities of daily living. Results: The shoulder's active range of motion was improved in the patients compared to the range of pre-tests, and the pain and subluxation distance were reduced compared to those of pre-tests. Arm function and activities of daily living were increased compared to those of pre-tests. Conclusion: The study results verified that Jeonbuk tri-pull taping and PNF exercise are useful when applied to patients with subluxation and stroke.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of a four-week scapular stabilization exercise program using the PNF technique on scapular symmetry and range of flexion motion (ROM), pain, function, and quality of life (QOL) in post-mastectomy women with breast cancer. Methods: This study included 20 women divided into an experimental group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). All patients performed complex decongestive physiotherapy for 40 min daily, five times per week for four weeks. The experimental group performed the extra scapular stabilizing exercise program using the PNF technique for 50 min daily, five times per week for four weeks. Scapular symmetry, shoulder flexion ROM, pain and function, and QOL were subsequently assessed. For ROM measurement, the range of shoulder flexion was measured using a clinometer smart phone application; the pain of the shoulder was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS); the scapular position was measured using a lateral scapular slide test (LSST); the level of pain and functional activity was measured using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI); and the QOL was measured using Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast. Results: There were significant differences in shoulder flexion ROM, VAS, SPADI, and LSST 0˚ and 45˚ when the experimental group was compared with the control group (p < 0.05). After the intervention, there was an improved within-group change in the ROM, SPADI, LSST, and QOL in both the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a scapular stabilization exercise program using the PNF technique may be used as a possible treatment option for post-mastectomy women with breast cancer that aims to improve scapular position, shoulder ROM and function, and QOL.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the relative muscle activity on the erector spinae, gluteus maximus, and hamstring, using a non-visual feedback bridge exercise and a visual feedback bridge exercise with a tension sensor and clinometer. Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in this study. The study subjects performed bridge exercises without visual feedback, bridge exercises using a tension sensor, and bridge exercises using an inclinometer in the supine position, and the muscle activity of the left and right erector spinae, gluteus maximus, and hamstring muscles was measured while maintaining isometric contraction during the bridge movement. Muscle activity was measured by using surface an electromyography equipment. To standardize the measured action potential of each muscle, the maximum voluntary isometric contraction was measured. The bridge exercise was repeated 3 times for 5s each. Using repeated analysis of variance, we compared the significant difference in EMG activity for each muscle between the three experiments, and all statistical processing was performed using SPSS version 26. The statistical significance level was set at α = 0.05. Results: During bridging exercises, the asymmetry of the muscle activity of the erector spinae and gluteus maximus during visual feedback guiding was lower than that during no visual feedback. However, there was no significant difference. Moreover, the asymmetry of the muscle activity of the hamstring muscles was significantly lower during tension sensor visual feedback than that during no visual feedback (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that bridge exercise with visual feedback using a tension sensor and an inclinometer is effective in inducing symmetrical movement. When it is necessary to symmetrically adjust the weight load of both feet during the bridge exercise, it is effective to apply visual feedback using a tension sensor.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2022

Background: Trunk movements are an important factor in activities of daily living; however, these movements can be impaired by stroke. It is difficult to quantify and measure the active range of motion (AROM) of the trunk in patients with stroke. Objects: To determine the reliability and validity of measurements using a digital goniometer (DG) and smart phone (SP) applications for trunk rotation and lateral flexion in stroke patients. Methods: This is an observational study, in which twenty participants were clinically diagnosed with stroke. Trunk rotation and lateral flexion AROM were assessed using the DG and SP applications (Compass and Clinometer). Intrarater reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the validity of the DG and SP in AROM measurement. The level of agreement between the two instruments was shown by Bland-Altman plot and 95% limit of agreement (LoA) was calculated. Results: The intrarater reliability (rotation with DG: 0.96-0.98, SP: 0.98; lateral flexion with DG: 0.97-0.98, SP: 0.96) was excellent. A strong and significant correlation was found between DG and SP (rotation hemiplegic side: r = 0.95; non-hemiplegic side: r = 0.90; lateral flexion hemiplegic side: r = 0.88; non-hemiplegic side: r = 0.78). The level of agreement between the two instruments was rotation (hemiplegic side: 23.02° [LoA 17.41°, -5.61°]; non-hemiplegic side: 31.68° [LoA 23.87°, -7.81°]) and lateral flexion (hemiplegic side: 20.94° [LoA 17.48°, -3.46°]; non-hemiplegic side: 27.12° [LoA 18.44°, -8.68°]). Conclusion: Both DG and SP applications can be used as reliable methods for measuring trunk rotation and lateral flexion in patients with stroke. Although, considering the level of clinical agreement, DG and SP could not be used interchangeably for measurements.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.319-327
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• 2004

本 硏究에서 試驗制作한 電子컴퍼스는 3軸磁氣센서와 傾斜角센서, 그리고 光자이로센서로 構成하였으며, 이들 각 센서의 出力特性과 性能 및 自差補正의 精度를 확인한 結果는 다음과 같다. 1) 3軸 磁氣센서의 出力特性은, X軸에서 측정된 磁界는 cos커브, Y軸에서는 -sin 커브, 그리고 Z軸에서는 그 값이 일정하게 나타나고 있어서 3軸 磁氣센서로서의 기능이 충분하다고 사료되며, 이때 出力電壓으로부터 算出된 地磁氣의 水平成分 H와 垂直成分 V는 각각 H=33.2${\mu}$T, V=23.95${\mu}$T였다. 2)光자이로 센서를 電動回轉台에 고정시키고, 시계방향으로 10$^{\circ}$/sec, 20$^{\circ}$/sec, 30$^{\circ}$/sec의 속도로 회전시켰을 때, 光자이로센서의 出力과 回轉角度와의 관계는 모두 일정한 값으로 비례함을 알 수 있다. 3) 補正前 自差는 磁界에 의해 誘導되고 있기 때문에, 최대 -25$^{\circ}$까지 크게 나타나고 있으나, 포와숀 補正法을 이용한 補正後의 자差는 ${\pm}2^{\circ}$ 범위 이내로 補正前에 비하여 自差가 현저히 작게 나타나고 있어서, 이번 硏究에서 試驗制作한 電子컴퍼스로 自動自差修正이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.81-93
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• 2022

Proprioception training has been considered a secondary method to facilitate postural control ability. This study investigated the effects of two different proprioception training methods - the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and visual feedback-based joint position and force reproduction (VF) - on postural control advancements. Sixteen healthy people volunteered for this study, and they randomly grouped two. Each group participated in the PNF and VF training for three weeks. We evaluated each subject's proprioception levels and balance ability before and after the training. We used a clinometer and electromyogram (EMG) for VF training. The joint position reproduction test was also used to evaluate the position and force aspects of the proprioception level. We analyzed the trajectory of the center of pressure (COP) while subjects were standing on the firm floor and balance board with one leg using a pressure mat. The improvement of the position aspect of the proprioception level of the VF group (4.93±4.74°) was larger than that of the PNF group (-0.43±2.08°) significantly (p=0.012). The improvement of the anterior-posterior COP velocity of the PNF group (0.01±0.01 cm/s) was larger than that of VF group(0.002±0.01 cm/s) significantly (p=0.046). Changes of position error in the PNF group (rho=0.762, p=0.028) and tibialis anterior force reproduction error in the VF group showed a significantly strong relationship with balance ability variables. These results showed that different PNF and VF have different effects on improving two aspects of proprioception and their relationship with the balance ability. Therefore, these results might be useful for selecting proprioception or balance rehabilitation considering the clinical and patients' situation.