• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1201-1211
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• 2012

This paper constructed the single country sequential dynamic CGE model to analyze the economic impacts of subsidizing water industry under the GHG emission abatement policy in Korea. We introduced the carbon tax to reduce the GHG emission and made two scenarios. One is to transfer the total tax revenue to household. The other is to mix the tax transfer and water industry support. Our Simulation results show that the macroeconomic effects might be positive by subsidizing water industry compared with the pure tax transfer. However, the support of water industry doesn't contribute to head for the non-energy intensive economy because it's economic activity highly depend on fossil energy and energy intensive products as intermediate demand. This means that it is important to make efforts on the cost effective measures such as energy technology progress, alternative energy development, and energy efficiency improvement in water industry against climate change policy.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.792-803
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• 2023

This study aimed to assess the impact of weather events on the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivar production trend in the central inland region of Korea during the monsoon season, using time series analysis. The sorghum-sudangrass production data collected between 1988 and 2013 were compiled along with the production year's weather data. The growing degree days (GDD), accumulated rainfall, and sunshine duration were used to assess their impacts on forage production (kg/ha) trend. Conversely, GDD and accumulated rainfall had positive and negative effects on the trend of forage production, respectively. Meanwhile, weather events such as heavy rainfall and typhoon were also collected based on weather warnings as weather events in the Korean monsoon season. The impact of weather events did not affect forage production, even with the increasing frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall. Therefore, the trend of forage production for the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid was forecasted to slightly increase until 2045. The predicted forage production in 2045 will be 14,926 ± 6,657 kg/ha. It is likely that the damage by heavy rainfall and typhoons can be reduced through more frequent harvest against short-term single damage and a deeper extension of the root system against soil erosion and lodging. Therefore, in an environment that is rapidly changing due to climate change and extreme/abnormal weather, the cultivation of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid would be advantageous in securing stable and robust forage production. Through this study, we propose the cultivation of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid as one of the alternative summer forage options to achieve stable forage production during the dynamically changing monsoon, in spite of rather lower nutrient value than that of maize (Zea mays L.).

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.295-308
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• 2010

As an attempt to explore the impact of droughts which may be worse by the climate change, the change in the water balance of the Han-river basin is analyzed. To accomplish it, we suggest a procedure consisting of three successive sub-procedures: daily rainfall generation for 70 years by the RegCM3 RCM ($27{\times}27\;km$) with the A2 scenario, daily discharge simulations by SLURP using the generated daily rainfall data, and monthly water balance analysis by K-WEAP (Korean Water Evaluation and Planning System) based on the SLURP simulation. Since significant uncertainty is involved in forecasting the future water consumption and water yields, we assumed three water consumption scenarios and fifty water yields scenarios. Three water consumption scenarios are, namely, "LOW", "MEDIUM", and "HIGH" according to the expected amount of water consumption. The fifty daily discharges are obtained from the SLURP simulations during the drought period. Finally, water balance analysis is performed by K-WEAP based on 150 combinations from three water consumption scenarios and the fifty daily discharges. Analysis of water scarcity in small basins of the Han River basin showed concentration of water scarcity in some small basins. It was also found that water scarcity would increase in all small basins of the Han River basin.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.275-278
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• 2006

Google Earth enables people to easily find information linked to geographical locations. Google Earth consists of a collection of zoomable satellite images laid over a 3-D Earth model and any geographically referenced information can be uploaded to the Web and then downloaded directly into Google Earth. This can be achieved by encoding in Google's open file format, KML (Keyhole Markup Language), where it is visible as a new layer superimposed on the satellite images. We used KML to create and share fine resolution gridded temperature data projected to 3 climatological normal years between 2011-2100 to visualize the site-specific warming and the resultant earlier blooming of spring flowers over the Korean Peninsula. Gridded temperature and phonology data were initially prepared in ArcGIS GRID format and converted to image files (.png), which can be loaded as new layers on Google Earth. We used a high resolution LCD monitor with a 2,560 by 1,600 resolution driven by a dual link DVI card to facilitate visual effects during the demonstration.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_1
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• pp.1477-1482
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• 2023

This study examines marine heat wave (MHW) in the Northeast Asia region from 2012 to 2021, utilizing geostationary satellite Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS)/Meteorological Imager sensor (MI) and GEO-KOMPSAT-2A (GK-2A)/Advanced Meteorological Imager sensor (AMI) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data. Our analysis has identified an increasing trend in the frequency and intensity of MHW events, especially post-2018, with the year 2020 marked by significantly prolonged and intense events. The statistical validation using Optimal Interpolation (OI) SST data and satellite SST data through T-test assessment confirmed a significant rise in sea surface temperatures, suggesting that these changes are a direct consequence of climate change, rather than random variations. The findings revealed in this study serve the necessity for ongoing monitoring and more granular analysis to inform long-term responses to climate change. As the region is characterized by complex topography and diverse climatic conditions, the insights provided by this research are critical for understanding the localized impacts of global climate dynamics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1017-1035
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• 2018

The European Union (EU) is the world's third largest producer of beef. This contributes to the economy, rural development, social life, culture and gastronomy of Europe. The diversity of breeds, animal types (cows, bulls, steers, heifers) and farming systems (intensive, extensive on permanent or temporary pastures, mixed, breeders, feeders, etc) is a strength, and a weakness as the industry is often fragmented and poorly connected. There are also societal concerns regarding animal welfare and environmental issues, despite some positive environmental impacts of farming systems. The EU is amongst the most efficient for beef production as demonstrated by a relative low production of greenhouse gases. Due to regional differences in terms of climate, pasture availability, livestock practices and farms characteristics, productivity and incomes of beef producers vary widely across regions, being among the lowest of the agricultural systems. The beef industry is facing unprecedented challenges related to animal welfare, environmental impact, origin, authenticity, nutritional benefits and eating quality of beef. These may affect the whole industry, especially its farmers. It is therefore essential to bring the beef industry together to spread best practice and better exploit research to maintain and develop an economically viable and sustainable beef industry. Meeting consumers' expectations may be achieved by a better prediction of beef palatability using a modelling approach, such as in Australia. There is a need for accurate information and dissemination on the benefits and issues of beef for human health and for environmental impact. A better objective description of goods and services derived from livestock farming is also required. Putting into practice "agroecology" and organic farming principles are other potential avenues for the future. Different future scenarios can be written depending on the major driving forces, notably meat consumption, climate change, environmental policies and future organization of the supply chain.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-46
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• 2015

In this study, the regional climate (WRF) and air quality (CMAQ) models were used to simulate the effects of future urban growth on surface ozone concentrations in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR). These analyses were performed based on changes in ozone concentrations during ozone seasons (May-June) for the year 2050 (future) relative to 2012 (present) by urban growth. The results were compared with the impacts of RCP scenarios on ozone concentrations in the SMR. The fractions of urban in the SMR (25.8 %) for the 2050 were much higher than those (13.9 %) for the 2012 and the future emissions (e.g., CO, NO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, VOC) were increased from 121 % (NO) to 161.3 % ($NO_2$) depending on emission material. The mean and daily maximum 1-h ozone in the SMR increased about 3 - 7 ppb by the effect the RCP scenarios. However, the effect of urban growth reduced the mean ozone by 3 ppb in the SMR and increased the daily maximum 1-h ozone by 2 - 5 ppb over the northeastern SMR and around the coastline. In particular, the ozone pollution days exceeding the 1-h regulatory standard (100 ppb) were far more affected by urban growth than mean values. As a result, the average number of days exceeding the 1-h regulatory standard increased up to 10 times.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2018

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is widely distributed in the southern part of the United States and it has been used as a major economic species in the region due to its excellent growth and stem straightness. The tree also grows only in the southern part of Korea because it is susceptible to cold. Recently climate changes have had widespread impacts on forest trees. Thus, the use of good quality seeds is prerequisite for assessing assisted migration adaptation trial. In this study, we conducted to investigate its cone and seed characteristics of each family, which is expected to improve seeds productivity for planting valuable timber trees. A total of 14 families were selected from the experimental forest in Boseong, Jeonnam province in 1981. The seed production capacity was estimated to range from 87.2 to 129.4 among families and the average was 111.3. The number of aborted ovules was investigated in the range of 11.4 to 29.5 for the first test and 7.4 to 22.2 for the second test. The average number of empty and filled seeds was 1.4 and 79.2 per cone, respectively. Based on the results, we can conclude that there is a strong correlation between the number of fertile scale and the seed production ability.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.587-613
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• 1999

Environmental problems such as global climate change, depletion, ocean and air pollution, and resource degradation-compounded by an expanding world population-respect no border and threaten the health, prosperity and jobs of all mankind. Our efforts to promote democracy, free trade, and stability in the world will fall short unless people have a livable environment. We have an enormous stake in the management of the world's resources. By increasing demand for timber, natural gas, coal and consumer's goods have destroyed the grounds for living. Greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the world have threatened coastal communities, and then changed the Earth's climate system. The burning of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels is increasing substantially the concentration of heat-trapping gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our air. The earth's temperature and sea levels are rising as a result. Since 1972 there has been a marked growth in the number and scope of environmental treaties. In particular, after the 1992 Rio Conference, international legal instruments became more concentrated on addressing environment within the context of sustainable development and incorporated a number of new concepts and innovative approaches. A preliminary analysis of recent conventions and in particular those associated with the Rio Conference indicates various ideas, concepts and principles which have come to the fore including sustainable development, equity, common concern of humankind, common but differentiated responsibilities and global partnership. However, international trade also has an environmental impact which must be minimized or countered. Positive measures are to be preferred to achieve environmental goals, but where trade provisions are necessary, they should be appropriately used within environmental conventions to facilitate the reduction and limitation of the negative impacts of trade and to enhance the complementarity of the multilateral trade regime with the imperatives of environmental protection, in the interests of environmental protection and sustainable development generally. The international community has to recognize and endorse this need to achieve complementarity between trade and environment issues.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.446-446
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• 2012

농업은 다른 산업과 달리 원천적으로 기후 조건과 변화에 크게 좌우되는 분야로, 기후변화로 인한 영향에 가장 민감한 분야라고 할 수 있다. 안정적이고 지속적인 작물 생산을 위해서는 기후변화가 농업수자원에 미치는 영향에 대하여 정확히 파악하고, 이로 인해 발생할 수 있는 부정적 효과를 최소화하기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 특히 기온 상승, 강수량 및 강우강도 변화, 증발산량 및 일조시간 변화 등의 기후변화는 우리나라의 가뭄 발생의 양상에도 변화를 야기하게 될 것이다. 따라서 현 상황을 바탕으로 미래에 발생할 가뭄에 대하여 예측하고, 그 취약성을 줄이기 위한 합리적인 계획이 필요하다. 즉 기후변화에 대처하기 위해서는 향후 발생할 수 있는 가뭄의 특성을 파악하여 미래 수자원 관리에 활용하기 위한 가뭄특성 분석이 필요하다. 가뭄은 기상학적 가뭄, 기후학적 가뭄, 농업적 가뭄, 대기학적 가뭄, 수문학적 가뭄, 사회경제적 가뭄 등으로 구분할 수 있는데, 일반적으로 강우량 등의 기상조건을 분석하는 방법에서부터 저수량과 유역 유출량, 그리고 토양수분 등의 수문학적 조건들로 가뭄을 분석하는 방법들까지 매우 다양하다. 가뭄의 정량화는 가뭄을 표현하는 대상의 특성에 따라 평가방법이 달라질 수 있다. 가뭄의 경향이나 그 정도를 파악하기 위해서는 하나의 가뭄 지수가 아닌 다양한 항목을 바탕으로 평가가 이루어져 한다. 현재 기후변화와 관련한 가뭄 연구에 있어서 기상학적 가뭄지수인 SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) 중심으로 많은 연구 이루어졌을 뿐, 농업적 가뭄지수를 바탕으로 한 연구는 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기후변화에 따른 우리나라의 농업가뭄 특성을 분석하기 위하여 토양수분지수 (Soil Moisture Index)를 이용하여 중권역별 가뭄 평가하고 그 변화를 분석하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 이를 위하여 CGCM3.1 (Coupled Global Climate Model Ver. 3.1) 및 LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator)를 이용하여 2011년부터 2100년까지의 A1B, A2 및 B1 시나리오별로 기상자료를 생성하고, 이를 바탕으로 SMI 지수를 산정하여 유역별 가뭄 발생 빈도 및 심도를 시나리오별로 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 기후변화로 인한 농업가뭄 발생의 양상 및 특성을 파악하고 전망함으로써, 추후 발생할 수 있는 부정적 효과를 최소화하기 위한 대응 전략 및 농업수자원 정책의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.