• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2012

The cytotoxicity of the colorant in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was investigated in human cancer cell lines and a normal human cell line. Commercially-available CLA with a brown color (designate crude CLA; c-CLA) was distilled in a vacuum (10 mmHg-$220^{\circ}C$, 10 mmHg-$235^{\circ}C$, 10 mmHg-$240^{\circ}C$, and 20 mmHg-$260^{\circ}C$) for 30 min to obtain pure CLA (distilled CLA; d-CLA) and dark brown-colored CLA (residual CLA; r-CLA) samples. No color intensity was shown in the d-CLA sample obtained under 10 mmHg-$220^{\circ}C$ conditions of distillation when the L (brightness), a (red/blue), and b (yellow/green) parameters were analyzed, whereas the r-CLA sample showed a dark brown color. The composition of CLA isomers in both the d- and r-CLA samples, as compared to that of the c-CLA sample, was not significantly different when analyzed by gas chromatography. When the cytotoxicity of the r-CLA and d-CLA samples obtained under 10 mmHg-$220^{\circ}C$ conditions were compared against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human lung cancer cells (A-549), human colon cancer cells (HT-29), human prostate cancer cells (PC-3), and human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH), no significant cytotoxicity was seen in the cell lines. These results suggest that the color or colorant in the CLA samples did not have any effects on the proliferation of human cancer and normal cells and imply that the colorant in commercially available CLA samples is safe for human consumption.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

Immunoenhancing effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (l0t-l2c CLA, 9c-11t CLA, CLA mixture, 9c-11c CLA and 9t-11t CLA) on chemotactic activity of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were examined. The chemotactic activity of PMN was evaluated by a modified Boyden chamber assay. CLA isomers at higher concentration of 50 to 200$\mu$M exhibited a low viability of cells by trypan blue exclusion. CLA isomers were used at concentration of 20uM showing no cytotoxic effect and high cell viability. CLA isomers themselves were not active or slight chemotactic for PMN. But culture supernatant from mononuclear cells (MNC) treated with 10t-12c CLA, 9c-11t CLA and CLA mixture except for 9c-11c. CLA and 9t-11t CLA enhanced remarkably chemotactic activity or porcine PMN PMN migration by culture supernatant from MNC treated with CLA mixture was found to be true chemotaxis by checkboard assay. This migration was also induced by porcine recombinant interleukin (rIL)-8. PMN chemotaxis caused both culture supernatant from MNC treated with CLA mixture and porcine rIL-8 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by addition of anti-porcine IL-8 polyclonal antibody. Therefore, these results strongly suggested that CLA (10t-12c CLA, 9c-11t CLA and CLA mixture) could stimulate porcine MNC to release and IL-8 like chemotactic activity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.32-38
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• 2003

An excess-3 code adde $r_tracter circuit is proposed for human friendly decimal computation. Carry lookahead (CLA) circuitry can be used to enhance decimal computation speed. The proposed excess-3 adde $r_tracter employs improved CLA and compensation circuitry recoding computation delay. The circuitry used for addition is used for subtraction without further modification. Substantial speed improvement is obtained compared to conventional designs.signs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2000

본 연구는 다기능성 지질신소재로 각광을 받고 있는 CLA를 육제품에 첨가하였을 때 제방의 산화를 억제시키는 효과에 대하여 연구하였다. 비육말기 돼지 사료에 LCA를 5% 첨가하여 생산한 동육 등심을 4$^{\circ}C$ 냉장고에에서 11일 동안 저장하면서 CLA 함량에 따른 지방산화정도(TBARS)에 대한 단순 상관도를 조사하였으며, 또한 CLA를 우욱 패티 제조에 0.05, r과 2%로 각각 첨가하여 제조한 후 4$^{\circ}C$에서 13일동안 저장하면서 pH, TBARS, 지방산 조성 및 CLA 함량을 조사하였다. TBARS의 단순상관도는 저장 11일째에 -0.804(p<0.001)으로 높은 상관관계를 나타낸 것으로 보아 CLA가 육내에 축적이 되면 저장 기간이 경과 할수록 지방산화를 지연시키는 것으로 나타났다. CLA가 육내에 축정이 도면 저장 기간이 경과 할수록 지방산화를 지연시키는 것으로 나타났다. CLA가 축정된 우육 패티를 soc장저장하면서 저장기간이 경과할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다.(P<0.05), 대조구에 비햐여 CLA 첨가구가 유의적으로 높은 pH를 보였으며,또한 CLA 첨가량이 증가할수옥 pH가 유의적으로 증가하는 현상을 보였다. (p<0.05). TBARS의 변화는 전 처리구에 저장 기간이 경과함에 EK라 유의적으로 증가하였다. (p<0.05)., 처리구간의 비교에서 대조구에 비하여 CLA 첨가구가 유의적으로 낮은 TBARS를 보였으며 (p<0.05), EH한 CLA펌가량이 증가할수옥 유의적으로 낮은 TBARS를 보여 CLA 가 항상화작용이 있음을 알수 있었다. CLA 우육 패티의 지방산 조성은 CLA 첨가량이 증가할수옥 상대적으로 다른 종류의 지방산 함량이 감소하는 겨과를 보였다. 저장기간이 경과에 따른 변화는 없었다. CLA 함량의 변화는 CLA첨가량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.05) 저장기간이 경과하여도 아무런 변화가 없어 화학적으로 안정한 물질이라 사료된다. 이상의 결과에서 CLA는 지방산화를 억제시켜 산화 안정성에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되며, CLA를 육제품 제조시 첨가할 경우 품질 보존 효과가 잇음과 동시에 고기능성 육제품 생산이 가능하리아 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2002

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to decrease body fat content of individually-housed pigs but little is known about the responses under commercial conditions. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of CLA under commercial conditions using contemporary genotypes. The experimental designs were similar between the two sites. Briefly, the studies were 2${\times}$2 factorial designs with the respective factors being sex (boar and gilt) and supplemental dietary CLA (0 and 4 g/kg). The studies involved 16-20 pens of pigs with 4-5 pens of each sex${\times}$CLA group. The first study was conducted with 144 pigs in 16 pens consuming a pelleted feed for 6 weeks at Bunge Meat Industries, Corowa, NSW. In the second study, 160 pigs were obtained from a commercial source and put into 20 pens in simulated commercial conditions and fed a mash diet for 7 weeks at Medina Research Station, WA. In Study 2 some aspects of meat quality were also investigated. Data from Study 1 showed that, although CLA had no significant effect upon feed intake and daily gain, the small changes in both resulted in a reduction in (-0.10 g/g, p=0.10) feed conversion ratio (FCR). While there was no significant effect of CLA on ultrasonic backfat depths, there was a significant decrease in carcass P2 (-1.0 mm, p=0.014) and estimated carcass fat (-7 g/kg, p=0.049). In the study conducted at Medina CLA had no significant effect upon feed intake, feed:gain or most measures of back fat. The exception was that dietary CLA decreased the rate of accumulation of fat at the shoulder, particularly in gilts, resulting in a significantly lower amount of shoulder fat at slaughter (-1.3 mm, p=0.044). CLA tended to increase dressing percentage although this was not significant (+0.5%, p=0.14). Meat from CLA treated pigs tended to be darker (p=0.12) and had a higher ultimate pH (p=0.06). These data suggest that under commercial conditions dietary CLA can improve growth performance and decrease P2 in pigs of an improved genotype, particularly gilts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between the cervical lordosis angle (CLA) and the craniovertebral angle (CVA) and between CVA and a cross-sectional area (CSA) of the cervical muscles. METHODS: In 17 healthy college students, the CLA was measured using a posterior tangent technique. The CVA was analyzed using photographic images, and the CSA of the cervical muscles, including longus colli, longus capitis, and sternocleidomastoid, was evaluated using computerized tomography. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between these variables and a neck disability index. RESULTS: The CVA correlated with the CLA and with a CSA of longus colli (r = .487, p = .047 and r = .592, p = .012, respectively). The CLA correlated with a CSA of longus colli (r = .578, p = .015). CONCLUSION: This study clarified the relationship between the postural, structural, and muscular changes in the cervical regions. A significant correlation was observed between the CVA and a CSA of the longus colli with the CLA and between the CVA and the CSA of the longus colli. Prescription strengthening exercises for the deep neck flexors for individuals with a forward head posture and reduced cervical lordosis are useful.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.448-458
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• 2009

It has been well documented from animal and human studies that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has numerous beneficial effects on health. In chickens, CLA exerts many effects on performance ranging from egg quality and yolk lipids to meat quality. Although there are several CLA isomers available, not all CLA isomers have the same incorporation rates into egg yolk: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers are more favorably deposited into egg yolk than other isomers investigated, but of the two isomers, the former has a higher incorporation rate than the latter. CLA alters the amounts and profiles of lipids in plasma, muscles and liver. Furthermore, increased liver weight was reported in chickens fed dietary CLA. As observed in egg yolk, marked reduction in intramuscular lipids as well as increased protein content was observed in different studies, leading to elevation in protein-to-fat ratio. Inconsistency exists for parameters such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production rate and mortality, depending upon experimental conditions. One setback is that hard-cooked yolks from CLA-consuming hens have higher firmness as refrigeration time and CLA are increased, perhaps owing to alterations in physico-chemistry of yolk. Another is that CLA can be detrimental to hatchability when provided to breeders: eggs from these breeders have impaired development in embryonic and neonatal stages, and have increased and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Thus, both problems can be fully resolved if dietary sources rich in MUFAs are provided together with CLA. Emerging evidence suggests that CLA exerts a critical impact on stress and immune functions as it can completely nullify some of the adverse effects produced by immune challenges and reduce mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CLA is a key regulator of genes that may be responsible for lipid metabolism in chickens. CLA down-regulates both expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and its protein activity in the chicken liver while up-regulating mRNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-l.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1525-1538
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• 2007

Because of the increasing evidence of potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health, there is a need to investigate its status in commercial dairies and develop feeding strategies to enhance the content and supply of CLA in milk and milk products. A two-year experiment was conducted to study the status of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on four selected commercial dairy farms in Utah (two) and Idaho (two), USA. Farms A and C grazed cows on pasture and supplemented with 7.0 kg/cow per day of their respective grain mixes during summer, while conserved forage and grain mix was fed during winter. Farm B fed a total mixed diet all year, with 10% of diet dry matter as fresh cut pasture during summer. Farm D had 1/3 of its cows grazed on pasture and supplemented with a total mixed diet during summer, while the rest were fed a total mixed diet. All cows in Farm D were fed a total mixed diet during winter. Farms A, B, C, and D had on average 80, 400, 150, and 500 milking cows, respectively, with Holstein or its crosses as the major breed. On a year-round basis, Farms A and C produced milk with 60% or more milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and transvaccenic acid (TVA) contents than Farm B. Similarly, Farm D produced 30% or more c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA in milk than Farm B. Milk fat content of CLA and TVA was 150-200% more during summer compared with winter. Individual cows varied from 0.16 to 2.22% in milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA contents and 89% of the cows had c-9, t-11 CLA contents between 0.3 and 1.0% of milk fat. Individual cow variation was larger on Farms A and C compared with Farm D, with least variation on Farm B. Variation was larger in summer than in winter. The bulk tank milk c-9, t-11 CLA content varied from 0.27 to 1.35% of milk fat. Cows on Farms A and C produced similar or higher amounts of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on a daily basis even though their milk yield was lowest among the dairies. Concentration and supplies of c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA were highest from June through September and lowest from February through April, which should be the months for targeting improvement in the content and supply of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1374-1388
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• 2007

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the hypothesis that cows grazing on pasture produce the highest proportion of c-9 t-11 CLA in milk fat and no further increase can be achieved through supplementation of diets rich in linoleic acid, such as full-fat extruded soybeans or soybean oil. In experiment 1, 18 lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design with measurements made from wk 4 to 6 of the experiment. In experiment 2, three cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Each period was 4 wk with measurements made in the final wk of each period. Cows in both experiments were assigned at random to treatments: a, conventional total mixed ration (TMR); b, pasture (PS); or c, PS supplemented with 2.5 kg/cow per day of full-fat extruded soybeans (PES). In both experiments, feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acid profile of milk and blood serum were measured, along with fatty acid composition of bacteria harvested from rumen digesta in experiment 2. In experiment 3, 10 cows which had continuously grazed a pasture for six weeks were assigned to two groups, with one group (n = 5) on pasture diet alone (PS) and the other group (n = 5) supplemented with 452 g of soy oil/cow per day for 7 d (OIL). In experiment 1, cows in PS treatment produced 350% more c-9, t-11 CLA compared with cows in TMR treatment (1.70 vs. 0.5% of fat), with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (1.50% of fat). Serum c-9, t-11 CLA increased by 233% in PS treatment compared with TMR treatment (0.21 vs. 0.09% of fat) with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (0.18% of fat). In experiment 2, cows in PS treatment produced 300% more c-9 t-11 CLA in their milk fat compared with cows in TMR treatment (1.77 vs. 0.59% of fat), but no further increase for cows in PES treatment (1.84% of fat) was observed. Serum c-9, t-11 CLA increased by 250% for cows in PS treatment compared with cows in TMR treatment (0.27 vs. 0.11% of fat), with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (0.31% of fat). The c-9, t-11 CLA content of ruminal bacteria for cows in PS treatment was 200% or more of TMR treatment, but no further increase in bacterial c-9, t-11 CLA for cows in PES treatment was observed. Supplementation of soy oil in experiment 3 also did not increase the c-9 t-11 CLA content of milk fat compared with cows fed a full pasture diet (1.60 vs. 1.54% of fat). Based on these findings, it was concluded that supplementing with feeds rich in linoleic acid, such as full-fat extruded soybeans or an equivalent amount of soy oil, to cows grazing perennial ryegrass pasture may not increase milk fat c-9 t-11 CLA contents.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2003

Emulsion-type sausages were manufactured to investigate the effects of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard on quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausage. Each treatments replaced pork back fat with CLA-corn oil (CLA-CO), CLA-safflower seed oil (CLA-SSO) and CLA-lard (CLA-LD) were stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The changes in physico-chemical properties, texture, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid composition and CLA content of each treatments were measured during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. During storage, pH of control showed higher pH value than that of CLA-vegetable and CLA-lard treatments. The pH values of all treatments was significantly low at storage 14 days (p<0.05). The color L* and a*-value of all the treatments was not significantly changed with the storage periods. Color b*-value of CLA-treatments was higher than that of control during the storage period. Fatty acids composition was changed by addition of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. All kinds of fatty acids composition were decreased with CLA replacements than that of the control. Whereas linolenic acid content extremely increased by replacement of CLA-vegetable. CLA content of CLA-treatments was extremely increased than that of the control. The cohesiveness, springness, gumminess and brittleness of CLA-LD treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the other treatments. The TBARS value of all treatments were significantly increased (P<0.05) as the storage period was passed. TBARS of sausage products containing CLA-CO was the lowest. Summing up the a forementioned results, emulsion-type sausage manufacturing with CLA-vegetable oil and CLA-lard was not affected in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Also, it may be assumed that the high quality sausage can be manufactured with the extent of storage period and CLA accumulation.