• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1994

Soluble solids($^{\circ}$Brix), acid content and edible part ratio of Citrus unshiu collected at sorting Places in south Cheju area wee more lowered, and peel thickness was more thickened with increasing fruit size. Compared to early variety of Citurs unshiu(C. unshiu Miyakawa Mar), peel thickness of medium variety of Citurs unshiu(C. unshiu Hayashi Mar) was more thickened, and edible part ratio was more lowered with increasing fruit size. Soluble solids of medium variety of Citurs unshiu were lowered, and acid contents were increased compared to early variety. Processing properties for pressing concentrated juice was good for early variety of Citurs unshiu, especially on fruit diameter of 50-65mm. Soluble solids, acid contents and juice ratio were decreased with increasing peel thickness. The quality properties for fresh fruit with peel thickness had a good correlation on early variety of Citurs unshiu, and these data are supposed to be applied to the quality evaluation of Citurs unshiu produced in Cheju.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1838-1842
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• 2016

Kombucha (K) is a fermented beverage made from black tea by symbiotic micro-organisms of bacteria and yeasts. To enhance bio-activities of K, we produced citrus/green tea Kombucha (CK) by adding extracts of citrus peel and green tea obtained from Jeju Island. ORAC assays showed that anti-oxidative capacity of CK increased by approximately 3-folds compared to K. We examined anti-cancer properties of extracts from citrus peel and/or green tea using 5637 human bladder cancer cells and B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Proliferation of B16F10 cells was markedly inhibited at concentrations higher than $10{\mu}L/mL$. At a concentration of $20{\mu}L/mL$, anti-cancer activities of extracts were in the order of citrus peel< green tea< combination of both. Interestingly, a combination of both extracts showed a synergistic effect on inhibition of growth of cancer cells. CK fermented with citrus peel and green tea extracts showed enhanced anti-cancer activity compared to K. Cytotoxicity of CK on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was negligible up to $100{\mu}L/mL$. Taken together, these results indicate that citrus Kombucha is safe to be developed as a functional beverage.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.388-393
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• 2003

Citrus peel extract was prepared using 70％ ethanol solution by two extraction conditions (20$^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours and 85$^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours). The effect of gamma-irradiation on the changes of physiological activity also investigated at 0, 5, 10 and 20 kGy of absorbed doses. Color characteristics, DPPH radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition and nitrite scavenging activities of the extracts were measured at 41$^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Color values were different by extraction methods at the initial stage, which heat-extracted sample had lower L$\^$＊/ - but higher a$\^$＊/ - and b$\^$＊/ -values than those extracted at room temperature. Irradiation changed color of the extract lighter by increasing Hunter color L$\^$＊/ - and a$\^$＊/ -values. DPPH radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition and nitrite scavenging activities were not affected by either extraction methods or irradiation but significantly reduced by storage time. Therefore, when the cost-effective extraction methods is selected, the citrus peel extracts, which is a major byproduct in citrus processing, could be used as a functional material in various applications.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2020

In an attempt to find a feed additive showing an anti-scuticociliate effect, extracts from Citrus unshiu Peel were tested against virulent scuticociliate infection. The most effective anti-scuticociliate killing activity in vitro was observed in the extract squeezed from homogenizing water-soaked dried tangerine peel (DTP). In addition, we have investigated the effect of DTP as a feed additive on growth rate and anti-parasitic activity of olivaceus flounder. DTP extract added diets (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5%/feed weight) were fed to flounder for 7 days for checking a growth rate and 14 days for a challenging test. As a result, the feed conversion rate was significantly improved only in 1% DPT extract group compared to the control and 0.5% DTP extract fed group showed 100% of survival rate in the challenge test, all of which indicating that DTP extract would be a potential feed additive against scuticociliatosis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.106-110
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• 2020

Citrus mosaic sadwavirus (CiMV) is a closely related virus with the Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) along with Navel orange infectious mottling virus (NIMV), Natsudaidai dwarf virus (NDV), and Hyugagatsu virus (HV). The present study found that the typical symptoms of CiMV-infected citrus fruits include the appearance of dark blue speckles or ringspots on fruit rinds and the browning of oil glands in the spots as rind coloring began. As rind coloring progressed, the spots gradually faded, whereas the browning of the oil glands worsened to the point that the tissues surrounding the oil glands became necrotic. In very early satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu 'Miyamoto Wase') and 'Setoka' cultivar (C. hybrid 'Setoka') of late-maturity citrus, the symptomatic fruits were eventually dropped. And in early satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu 'Miyakawa Wase'), the peel hardness of the virus-infected fruit (1,618.3 ± 305.5, g-force) was more than twice as hard as that of the healthy fruit (636.5 ± 39.1, g-force). The ratio of flesh weight to total fruit weight was higher for the healthy fruit (77.3 ± 1.7%) than for the infected fruit (70.7 ± 0.6) and peel puffing was more severe in the infected fruit (2.9 ± 0.4 mm) than in the healthy fruit (0.9 ± 0.2 mm). The soluble solids content in infected citrus fruits was less values than the healthy fruit by 0.5-1.5 °Brix. These findings reveal that CiMV infection on citrus trees reduces the fruit quality of citrus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.827-836
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• 2014

There is a rising trend in obesity due to various factors, including changes in eating habits, lack of exercise, and genetic and psychological factors. Citrus peel has been reported to prevent obesity via antioxidative, antihypertensive, and LDL cholesterol-lowering effects. This study investigated the effects of citrus peel extract fermented with or without Aspergillus oryzae in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. The animals were divided into four groups: a high-fat diet group (HFD), a normal fat diet (NFD) group, a citrus peel extract (CP) group, and a citrus peel extract fermented with A. oryzae (CPA) group. The citrus peel extract improved lipid metabolism and weight loss in the high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model. As expected, the body weight was higher in the HFD group compared with the NFD, CP, and CPA groups. However, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TG) and triglyceride (TC) in the serum and liver of the CP and CPA groups were lower than in the HFD group. There were no significant differences in the HDL cholesterol concentration among the groups. Taken together, our results suggest that extract of citrus peel biotransformed with A. oryzae had more antiobesity activity than citrus peel not transformed by A. oryzae through the fermentation of metabolites.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.401-410
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• 2018

Waste citrus peel-based activated carbon (WCAC) was prepared from waste citrus peels by activation with KOH. The removal of Cu and Pb ions from aqueous solution by the prepared WCAC was investigated in batch experiments. The solution pH significantly influenced Cu and Pb adsorption capacity and the optimum pH was 4 to 6. The adsorption of Cu and Pb ions by WCAC followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir isotherm model was 31.91 mg/g for Cu and 92.22 mg/g for Pb. As the temperature was increased from 303 K to 323 K, the ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ value decreased from -7.01 to -8.57 kJ/mol for Cu ions and from -0.87 to -2.06 kJ/mol for Pb ions. These results indicated that the adsorption of Cu and Pb by WCAC is a spontaneous process.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2011

An HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)-PDA (photodiode array) detection method was established for the determination of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin in the fruit of Citrus paradisi and C. grandis. The flavonoids were separated in less than 20 min using an YMC RP 18 column with isocratic elution using acetonitrile and water (23 : 77, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and a PDA detector. The levels of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were 1345.92, 950.62, and 2078.82 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the peel, and 102.43, 59.13, and 86.68 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the flesh of C. paradisi. In C. grandis, the levels of naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were 3530.56, 80.00, and 5.26 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the peel, and 59.59, 7.43, and 38.41 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively, in the flesh. The total content was highest in the peel, reaching 0.44% and 0.36% in C. paradisi and C. grandis, respectively, while the flesh contained only 0.025% and 0.011%, respectively. Therefore, the peels of C. paradisi and C. grandis are necessary for the processing and utilization of flavonoids.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2017

In a series of investigations to develop a potential anti-obese agent, we prepared a immature Citrus fruits (IMF) and compared its lipid excretion effects to those of Citrus fruits (MF, CP, JP) in an ICR mouse model of obesity induced by a high fat diet. The body weights of IMF fed mice were found to be significantly lower from 2 weeks oral administration, despite the fact that their food intakes were similar to that of the HFD control mice. The fecal cholesterol content showed a significant increase in IMF (52.0 mg/g) at 7 weeks oral administration, and mature Citrus fruits (MF, 41.3 mg/g), immature Citrus peel (CP, 32.2 mg/g), mature Citrus peel (JP, 30.0 mg/g) respectively. And also, the triglyceride content in the feces showed a significant increase in MF (14.6 mg/g), and IMF (14.2 mg/g), CP (10.5 mg/g) and JP (10.0 mg/g), respectively. On the other hand, in the inhibition activity of pancreatic lipase, MF (0.78 nmol/min/ml) showed the greatest decrease in glycerol, CP (0.79 nmol/min/ml), JP, (0.93 nmol/min/ml) and IMF (1.42 nmol/min/ml).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2024

Limonene was separated from waste citrus peels by a vacuum drying process with a venturi, and bioethanol was produced from dried citrus peels. Vacuum drying using venturi was very effective in removing moisture and limonene compared to hot air drying and natural drying. Citrus peels prepared by venturi vacuum drying were the most suitable for ethanol fermentation. The moisture and limonene content of the citrus peels dried for 15 hours were 17.0% and 3.2%, respectively. By venturi vacuum drying, essential oil containing limonene and floral water were obtained, respectively. The amount of essential oil separated by venturi vacuum drying was 4.21 mL essential oil/kg citrus peel, 79.9% of the separated essential oil was limonene.