• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.298-309
• /
• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 식품 중 안나토색소를 검출하기 위하여 주성분인 cis-bixin과 cis-norbixin의 동시분석법을 개발하는 것이다. 최적 시험법 확립을 위해 국내외 기관 중 유럽식품안전청, 일본 후생노동성, 우리나라 식품의약품안전평가원의 HPLC분석법들을 비교 및 검토하였다. 그리고 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계 및 분석시간을 고려하여 최적 HPLC 동시분석조건을 선택 후 여러 식품에 적용가능한 최적 전처리법을 개발하였다. 식품의약품안전평가원 HPLC 분석법이 가장 우수한 직선성(R²≥0.999)을 보였으며, cis-norbixin 및 cis-bixin에 대한 검출한계와 정령한계가 각각 0.03과 0.05 ㎍/mL 그리고 0.097과 0.16 ㎍/mL로 낮게 나타났다. 모든 보고된 전처리방법은 여러 식품적용에 한계가 있었으며, 어육 및 육가공품, 가공치즈, 음료의 주요 세 식품군 모두에 대해서 높은 회수율을 보이는 최적 전처리법이 새롭게 확립되었다. 이 전처리 방법은 cis-norbixin과 cis-bixin에 대해서 98% 이상의 우수한 동시 회수율을 나타냈었다. 새로운 전처리방법이 적용된 분석법은 두 성분에 대해 모두 결정계수(R²) 1로서 높은 직선성을 나타냈으며, 정확도(회수율)와 정밀도(%RSD)가 각각 평균 98% 및 0.4-7.9 이었다. 이러한 결과로부터 최적화된 분석시험법은 식품 중 안나토색소의 cis-norbixin과 cis-bixin 두 성분 동시분석에 매우 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 1987

The pyrolysis of geometrical isomers of 9-octadecenoic acid were conducted at $600^{\circ}C$ under nitrogen, and its pyrolytic behaviors were investigated. The pyrolytic products of both fatty acids, cis-9-octadecenoic acid(oleic acid) and trans-9-octadecenoic acid(elaidic acid), were analyzed using a gas chromatograph and GC/MS spectrometer. Twenty-seven different compounds were identified from these pyrolyzates, and the chief products of them were ketones, alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons. And also, the pyrolytic mechanisms of two geometrical isomers of this fatty acid were discussed by a comparison of experimental results.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 제어로봇시스템학회 1995년도 Proceedings of the Korea Automation Control Conference, 10th (KACC); Seoul, Korea; 23-25 Oct. 1995
• /
• pp.319-322
• /
• 1995

As a trend toward multi-product batch processes is increasing in Chemical Process Industry (CPI), multi-product batch scheduling has been actively studied. But the optimal production scheduling problems for multi-product batch processes are known as NP-complete. Recently Ku and Karimi [5] have studied Simulated Annealing(SA) and Jung et al.[6] have developed Modified Simulated Annealing (MSA) method which was composed of two stage search algorithms for scheduling of batch processes with UIS and NIS. Jung et al.[9] also have studied the Common Intermediate Storage(CIS) policy which have accepted as a high efficient intermediate storage policy. It can be also applied to pipeless mobile intermediate storage pacilities. In spite of these above researches, there have been no contribution of scheduling of CIS policy for chemical batch processes. In this paper, we have developed another MSA for scheduling chemical batch processes with searching the suitable control parameters for CIS policy and have tested the this algorithm with randomly generated various scheduling problems. From these tests, MSA is outperformed to general SA for CIS batch process system.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.957-961
• /
• 2005

쌀엿 유통과정 중 변패를 일으키는 효모를 분리하여, 지방산 분석을 통하여 동정하였다. 분리된 균주의 지방산을 Microbial Identification system(MIDI)으로 분석하여 16:0, 16.1$({\Delta}cis\;7)$, 18:2$({\Delta}cis\;9)$, 18:1$({\Delta}cis\;9)$ 그리고 18:1의 탄소골격을 지닌 5가지 지방산을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 MIDI 데이터베이스와 비교하였으며 쌀엿 유통과정 중 변패를 일으킨 변패균을 Zygosaccharomyces bailii로 동정하였다. 쌀엿 변패균의 오염에 의한 쌀엿의 품질 저하를 방지하기 위하여 당도의 변화에 따른 쌀엿의 %수분함량과 수분활성도$(a_w)$의 관계를 연구하였다. 쌀엿의 당도를 약 $1^{\circ}brix$ 증가 시켰을 경우 약 1%의 수분함량이 감소하게 되는 반비례의 상관관계를 가짐을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 $77^{\circ}brix$에서$83^{\circ}brix$까지 당도가 증가하는데 수분활성도$(a_w)$가 0.09 감소하였다. $15^{\circ}C$ 및 $25^{\circ}C$에서 당도가 조정된 쌀엿에 변패균을 접종한 후 저장 시 변패균의 생육을 관찰하였다. $79^{\circ}brix$ 이하의 쌀엿에 변패균이 접종되었을 경우 모두 일정시간 동안 적은 균체 증가량을 나타내다가 급격한 균수의 증가 후 감소하는 생육 특징을 보였다. 그러나 $81^{\circ}brix$ 이상의 조건에서는 15, $25^{\circ}C$에 관계없이 접종 후 3-4주까지 급격한 균수의 감소를 보였으며, 이후에도 완만한 감소를 보이다 14주차부터 변패균의 생육이 더 이상 관찰되지 않았다. 결론적으로 쌀엿이 $81^{\circ}brix$, $25^{\circ}C$ 이하로 생산, 저장된다면 Z. bailii와 같은 변패균의 노출에 다른 피해를 방지할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 1990

몇 가지 온도와 압력 하에서 $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+$와 $cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$ 착이온의 수화반응과 $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]_2^+$착이온의 이성질화반응의 반응속도를 분광광도법으로 측정하여 이들 착물의 반응메카니즘을 규명하였다. $trans-[CoETECl_2]^+$와 $cis-{\beta}-[CoTETCl_2]^+$ 착이온의 수화반응에 대한 활성화엔트로피, ${\Delta}S{\neq}$는 각각 4.0 eu 및 5.3 eu이고 활성화부피, ${\Delta}V{\neq}$는 각각 $-5.8 cm^3mol^{-1}$ 및 $-6.6 cm^3mol^{-1}(40^{\circ}C$)이었다. 이들 데이타로부터 수화반응위 메카니즘은 해리(D)메카니즘으로 추정할 수 있었다. $trans-[CoETEClOH_2]^{2+}$ 착이온의 $cis-{beta}-[CoETEClOH_2]^2+$ 로의 이성질화반응에 대한 활성화엔트로피, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$와 활성화부피, ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$는 각각 9.5 eu 및 $8.4 cm^3mol^{-1}(30^{\circ}C$)이었다. 이들 데이타로부터 이성질화반응의 메카니즘은 $H_2O$가 해리된 후 이성질화가 일어나는 해리(D)메카니즘인 것으로 추정할 수 있었다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제52권12호
• /
• pp.706-711
• /
• 2019

Cisplatin (Cis-DDP) is one of the most widely used anti-cancer drugs. It is applicable to many types of cancer, including lung, bladder, and breast cancer. However, its use is now limited because of drug resistance. p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) is one of the downstream effectors in the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway and high expression of p90RSK is observed in human breast cancer tissues. Therefore, we investigated the role of p90RSK in the Cis-DDP resistance-related signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. First, we discovered that MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited more Cis-DDP resistance than other breast cancer cells, including MCF-7 and BT549 cells. Cis-DDP increased p90RSK activation, whereas the inactivation of p90RSK using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) or dominant-negative kinase mutant plasmid overexpression significantly reduced Cis-DDP-induced cell proliferation and migration via the inhibition of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2 and MMP9 in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, p90RSK activation was involved in EMT via the upregulation of mRNA expression, including that of Snail, Twist, ZEB1, N-cadherin, and vimentin. We also investigated NF-κB, the upstream regulator of EMT markers, and discovered that Cis-DDP treatment led to NF-κB translocation in the nucleus as well as its promoter activity. Our results suggest that targeting p90RSK would be a good strategy to increase Cis-DDP sensitivity in triple-negative breast cancers.

• Journal of Photoscience
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.302-304
• /
• 2002

pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR), a photophobic sensor of haloalkaliphilic bacteria, Natronobacterium phar-aonis, has retinal as a chromophore covalently bound to Lys in G-helix via a protonated Schiff base (PSB), as is the same as bacteriorhodopsin (bR). For ppR, the corresponding counter-ion is Asp residue (Asp75) located in C-helix. Here we investigated the influence of the protonated state of this counter-ion and its location on the chromophore configuration. Under alkaline condition, the chromophore configuration of D75E mutant was analyzed by HPLC. D75E had a much larger content of 13-cis isomer: the ratio of 13-cis to all-trans was 6:4 while the wild-type had this ratio of 1 :9. On the other hand, under acidic condition where Glu was associated, D75E had no 13-cis retinal isomer. Mutants whose Asp75 was replaced by neutral amino acids (D75N and D75Q) did not contain 13-cis retinal. Furthermore, retinal isomer compositions and the change in the visible ab- sorption spectra (indicating the dissociation state of Glu75) were measured under varying pH, and these were almost the same dependencies. These results indicate that an important factor determining the 13-cis isomer content is the presence of negative charge of the counter-ion against PSB, but not the size of this residue. Com- parison between the wild-type and D75E in alkaline solutions indicates the influence of the location of the counter-ion.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.208-215
• /
• 2016

Pinic acid (PA) and cis-pinonic acid (CPA) in the atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to a nominal $10{\mu}m$ ($PM_{10}$) were analyzed for the samples collected during the period of April 2010 to April 2011 at Jongro in Seoul. Both pinic acid and cis-pinonic acid showed higher seasonal average concentrations in summer (PA; $18.9ng/m^3$, CPA; $16.0ng/m^3$) than winter (PA; $5.3ng/m^3$, CPA; $5.9ng/m^3$). They displayed a seasonal pattern associated with temperature reflecting the influence on emissions of ${\alpha}-pinene$ and ${\beta}-pinene$ from conifers and their photochemical reaction. These results were confirmed through Pearson correlation coefficient between CPA, PA and $O_3+NO_2$, temperature. CPA was only correlated with n-alkanes ($C_{29}$, $C_{31}$, $C_{33}$) from biogenic source. PA was correlated with n-alkanes ($C_{29}$, $C_{31}$, $C_{33}$), n-alkanoic acid ($C_{20}$, $C_{22}$, $C_{24}$) from biogenic source and n-alkanes ($C_{28}$, $C_{30}$, $C_{32}$), and n-alkanoic acid ($C_{16}$, $C_{18}$) from anthropogenic source. These results showed that the formation of PA and CPA from ${\alpha}-pinene$ and ${\beta}-pinene$ is related to organic compounds from biogenic source. And it is possible for PA to be effected by organic compounds from anthropogenic source.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.867-874
• /
• 2000

Two new azobenzene crown ether calix[4]arenes, 10 and 11, were synthesized by two pathways. In the first pathway,two ethoxy nitrobenzene groups were attached to t-butylcalix[4]arenes in a 1,3 position. Subsequent reduction ofthe nitrobenzene group s by metallic zinc in an alkaline solution afforded 10 and 11 in8% and 12%,respectively. In the second pathway,an azobenzene containing two glycolic units was prepared prior connect-ing to t-butylcalix[4]arenes. The yields from the second approach (5%, 8% for 10 and 11, respectively) were lower than those from the former approach. Single crystals of 10 suitable for X-ray crystallography was ob-tained by recrystallization in methanol.Both the X-ray structure and the 1H-NMR spectrum of 10 indicated that the stereoisomer of the azobenzene moiety was trans and the calixarene platform was in cone conformation. 1H NMR spectroscopy suggested that 10 underwent an observable cis-trans isomerization in CDCl3 under room light and upon UV irradiation with cis:trans ratios of 33:67 and 36:64,respectively. Compound 6 which was the precursor of 11showed fluxional behavior and was found to have mixed conformations ofcone and partial cone with a ratio of 47:53 at -30 $^{\circ}C.$ 1H NMR spectrum of 11 suggested that 11 was initially isolated as cis azobenzene with calix[4]arene in cone conformation and underwent conformational interconversion through calix[4]arene annulas in a similar fashion to 6 upon exposing to light. The complexation studies of 10 with picrate salts of Na+ and K+ using 1H NMR spectroscopysuggested that Na+ preferred to bind the cis form of 10 while K+ preferred to bind the trans form. The stereoisomer of the azobenzene unit in 11 changed partially from cis to trans upon complexing with K+.