• International Area Studies Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-96
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• 2017

This study analyzes the process of overcoming the impoverishment due to the failure of North Korea planned economy through marketization. Recognizing the economic policy presented by the convergence of market and planned economy system as a economy system and focusing on the 7.1 Economic Management Measures and the 6.28 New Economic Management Measures. The marketization is classified the indigenous marketization (1990-2001), the marketization focusing on central distribution (2002-2011), the marketization focusing on production (2012-2017). The major events, the economic circular structure and the economic behavior were analyzed. Results showed as following: First, through the process of marketization starting from the expansion of farmers' market and the marketization focusing on distribution, the marketization focusing on production to the marketization focusing on finance. And as the evolution of it continues, to some extent a poverty has been overcomed. Second, corporate institutions, agricultural institutions, financial institutions and progress in becoming a market economy direction. A series of privatization starting from small one to large-scale one have been progressing. Third, in order to overcome the impoverishment completely. Through foreign investment the industrialization covering a wide range of industries are urgently needed, Domestic agricultural reform, enterprise reform, price reform, financial reform, financial reform, trade and direct investment, reform, reform, distribution, etc are needed. The economic reforms across almost all sectors are needed to be combined in a global economy Expanding employment, the acquisition of foreign currencies and the acquisition of technology in the process should also be realized. The direction of change of this series of economic structures has turned Public sector and centralized into Private sector and Decentralization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-150
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• 2010

Reinforced-concrete (RC) columns are frequently designed and constructed. other types of columns includes composite types such as concrete-filled tube columns (CFT). Hollow RC columns may be effective in reducing both the self weight of columns and total amount of materials used. This is due to the fact that a hollow RC column possesses larger moment of inertia than that of solid RC columns of same cross sectional area. Despite the effectiveness the hollow RC column has not been popular because of its poor ductility performance. While the transverse reinforcements are effective in controlling the brittle failure of the outside concrete, they are not capable of resisting the failure of concrete of inner face which is in unconfined state of stress. To overcome these drawbacks, the internally confined hollow reinforced concrete (ICH RC), a new column type, was proposed in the previous researches. In this study, the fire resistance performance of the ICH RC columns was analyzed through a series of extensive heat transfer analyses using the nonlinear-material model program. Also, effect of factors such as the hollowness ratio, thickness of the concrete, and thickness of the internal tube on the fire resistance performance were extensively studied. Then the factors that enhance the fire-resistant performance of ICH RC were presented and analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 2004

During the construction of circular underground pipe, the non-proper compaction along the pipe and the decrease of compaction efficiency have been the main problems to induce the failure of underground pipe or facility. The use of CLSM (controlled low strength materials) should be one of the possible applications to overcome those problems. In this research, the small-scaled model test and the numeric analysis using PENTAGON-3D FEM program were carried out for three different cases on the change of backfill materials, including the common sand, the soil from construction site, and the CLSM.. From the model test in the lab, it was found out that the use of CLSM as backfill materials reduced the vertical and lateral deformation of the pipe, as well as the deformation of the gound surface. The main reason for reducing the deformation would be the characteristics of the CLSM, especially self-leveling and self-hardening properties. The measured earth pressure at the surround of the corrugated pipe using the CLSM backfills was smaller than those in the other cases, and the absolute value was almost zero. Judging from the small-scaled model test and FEM analysis, the use of CLSM as backfill materials should be one of the best choices reducing failure of the underground pipes.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.333-340
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• 2012

The current study prepared 9 laboratorial concrete mixes and 3 ready-mixed concrete batches to examine the size and shape effects in compression failure of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC). The concrete mixes were classified into three groups: normal-weight, all-lightweight and sand-lightweight concrete groups. For each concrete mix, the aspect ratio of circular or square specimens was 1.0 and 2.0. The lateral dimension of specimens varied between 50 and 150 mm for each laboratorial concrete mix, whereas it ranged from 50 to 400 mm with an incremental variation of 50 mm for each ready-mixed concrete batch. Test observations revealed that the crack propagation and width of the localized failure zone developed in lightweight concrete specimens were considerably different than those of normal-weight concrete (NWC). In LWC specimens, the cracks mainly passed through the coarse aggregate particles and the crack distribution performance was very poor. As a result, a stronger size effect was developed in LWC than in NWC. Especially, this trend was more notable in specimens with aspect ratio of 2.0 than in specimens with that of 1.0. The prediction model derived by Kim et al. overestimated the size effect of LWC when lateral dimension of specimen is above 150 mm. On the other hand, the modification factors specified in ASTM and CEB-FIP provisions, which are used to compensate for the shape effect of specimen on compressive strength, were still conservative in LWC.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2020

Objective: Despite extensive research on implantation failure, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the embryo and the maternal endometrium, which is critical for successful pregnancy. Profilin 1 (PFN1), which is expressed both in the embryo and in the endometrial epithelium, acts as a potent regulator of actin polymerization and the cytoskeletal network. In this study, we identified the specific role of endometrial PFN1 during embryo implantation. Methods: Morphological alterations depending on the status of PFN1 expression were assessed in PFN1-depleted or control cells grown on Matrigel-coated cover glass. Day-5 mouse embryos were cocultured with Ishikawa cells. Comparisons of the rates of F-actin formation and embryo attachment were performed by measuring the stability of the attached embryo onto PFN1-depleted or control cells. Results: Depletion of PFN1 in endometrial epithelial cells induced a significant reduction in cell-cell adhesion displaying less formation of colonies and a more circular cell shape. Mouse embryos co-cultured with PFN1-depleted cells failed to form actin cytoskeletal networks, whereas more F-actin formation in the direction of surrounding PFN1-intact endometrial epithelial cells was detected. Furthermore, significantly lower embryo attachment stability was observed in PFN1-depleted cells than in control cells. This may have been due to reduced endometrial receptivity caused by impaired actin cytoskeletal networks associated with PFN1 deficiency. Conclusion: These observations definitively demonstrate an important role of PFN1 in mediating cell-cell adhesion during the initial stage of embryo implantation and suggest a potential therapeutic target or novel biomarker for patients suffering from implantation failure.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.475-490
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• 2010

The analysis of slope stability was performed from seven sites among total eleven sites of waste rock which are divided into two objects (mullock-pile and rock mass) according to the location of dumping-dropping point in L limestone Mine. The analysis of circular failure using Bishop's simplified method and the finite element method for mullock-pile slopes were adopted. For rock mass slopes, identification of failure modes on stereonet projection was determined, thereby limit equilibrium analysis was applied to obtain the safety factor of slopes and the finite element method was used to understand overall behavior of slope. Phi-c reduction method was used to calculate the safety factor of slopes through the finite element method. In mullock-pile slope of zone D and rock slopes of zone F and G, the assurance of slope stability was difficult, and the plans to assure the stability of slopes were proposed on the basis of the analysis of slopes at disposal sites of waste rock. Therefore, the method of piling with waste rock by dozer pushing after dumping for mullock-pile slope of zone D is required, and the method of piling after moving to the place which has no fault zone for rock slope of zone F and G is recommended.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-29
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• 2018

Models of South-North Korean economic integration have the problem of circular reasoning. While many studies argue that South-North Korean economic integration would contribute to alleviate security risks in the Korean peninsular, they emphasize the success of any economic model of inter-Korean economic integration is subject to favorable geo-political and security environment. It is a failure in distinguishing between goals and constraints. After identifying three major goals of South-North Korean economic cooperation, this study shows the trilemma among the goals; they are 1) formation of a complete economic community, 2) maintaining independent sovereignty of the two Koreas, 3) promotion of mutual economic interests. The trilemma suggests that it is theoretically impossible to achieve the above three goals at the same time. Only two goals are achievable simultaneously. This study argues that the most practical option is to pursue the combination of goals 2) and 3) considering the complex political and security environment around the Korean peninsular. Recognizing that North Korea is the least developed country in the Northeast Asia region, South Korea's initiatives for inter-Korean economic cooperation should focus on assisting industrialization and integration of the North Korea economy into the Northeast Asian regional production sharing structure. In view of the 'flying geese model' of the sequential industrialization in the region, the least developed economic status of North Korea can partially be explained by its failure to participate in the production network in the region as well as lack of effective implementation of appropriate industrial policy. Therefore, promotion of industrialization of North Korea should be the immediate goal of economic cooperation between North and South Korea. It is an interesting fact that North Korea has rapidly expanded its apparel exports in recent years. It could mean that the North Korean economy is actively responding to the dynamics of international comparative advantage structure, although the production activities are limited to exports to China since the closure of the Gaesung Industrial Complex. The recent increase in apparel export is a starting point for incorporating the Easy Import Substitution fulfilling both domestic and neighboring regional demand of North Korea. It could help integrate North Korea's industry into the production network of Northeast Asia. An immediate policy implication is that the economic cooperation between the two Koreas should focus on facilitating this process and supporting North Korea's industrial policy through South Korea's contribution of capital, technology, and service intermediary inputs.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6A
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• pp.861-872
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• 2008

Concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer tubes are often used for marine structures with the benefit of good durability and high resistance against corrosion under severe chemical environment. Current research presents results of a comprehensive experimental investigation on the behavior of axially loaded circular concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer tubes. This paper is intended to examine several aspects related to the usage of glass fiber fabrics and filament wound layers used for outer shell of piles subjected to axial compression. The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of filament winding angle of glass fiber layers (2) to evaluate the effect of number of GFRP layers on the ultimate load and ductility of confined concrete (3) to evaluate the effect of loading condition of specimens on the effectiveness of confinement and failure characteristics as well, and (4) to propose a analytical model which describes the stress-strain behavior of the confined concrete. Three different types of glass fiber layers were chosen; fabric layer, ${\pm}45^{\circ}$ filament winding layer, and ${\pm}85^{\circ}$ filament winding layer. They were put together or used independently in the fabrication of tubes. Specimens that have various L:D ratios and different diameters have also been tested. Totally 27 GFRP tube specimens to investigate the tension capacity, and 66 concrete-filled GFRP tube specimens for compression test were prepared and tested. The behavior of the specimens in the axial and transverse directions, failure types were investigated. Analytical model and parameters were suggested to describe the stress-strain behavior of concrete under confinement.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.605-619
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• 2024

The increase of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content in recycled asphalt concrete (RAC) is accompanied by the degradation of low-temperature cracking resistance, which has become an obstacle to the development of RAC. This paper aims to reveal the meso-scale mechanisms of the low-temperature fracture behavior of RAC and provide a theoretical basis for the economical recycling of RAP. For this purpose, micromechanical heterogeneous peridynamic model of RAC was established and validated by comparing three-point bending (TPB) test results against corresponding numerical simulation results of RAC with 50% RAP content. Furthermore, the models with different aggregate shapes (i.e., average aggregates circularity (${\bar{C_r}}=1.00$, 0.75, and 0.50) and RAP content (i.e., 0%, 15%, 30%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were constructed to investigate the effect of aggregate shape and RAP content on the low-temperature cracking resistance. The results show that peridynamic models can accurately simulate the low-temperature fracture behavior of RAC, with only 2.9% and 13.9% differences from the TPB test in flexural strength and failure strain, respectively. On the meso-scale, the damage in the RAC is mainly controlled by horizontal tensile stress and the stress concentration appears in the interface transition zone (ITZ). Aggregate shape has a significant effect on the low-temperature fracture resistance, i.e., higher aggregate circularity leads to better low-temperature performance. The large number of microcracks generated during the damage evolution process for the peridynamic model with circular aggregates contributes to slowing down the fracture, whereas the severe stress concentration at the corners leads to the fracture of the aggregates with low circularity under lower stress levels. The effect of RAP content below 30% or above 50% is not significant, but a substantial reduction (16.9% in flexural strength and 16.4% in failure strain) is observed between the RAP content of 30% and 50%. This reduction is mainly attributed to the fact that the damage in the ITZ region transfers significantly to the aggregates, especially the RAP aggregates, when the RAP content ranges from 30% to 50%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1003-1009
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• 1996

Although esophagogastric (EG) anastomosis with a circular surgical stapler (EEA or ILS) is a safe find convenient proc dure with less anastomotic leakage, a concern for the anastomotic stricture still remains, especially in patients with small esophagus. We modified cervical EG anastomotic technique using straight thoracoscopic endostapler to prevent EG anastomotic stricture. Prospective clinical study was performed to determine the feasibility of our modification using Endo-GIA (US Surgical Corp., Worwalk), during the period from October, 1994 to July, 1995, in thirteen patients with carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. A stomach tube was reanastomosed to the cervical esophagus utilizing a 30 mm Endo-GIA after esophagectomy and node dissection. There was one early mortality due to respiratory failure and pulmonary tuberculosis. Anastomotic leakage with resultant stricture was noticed in one patient, and it was re- lated to ischemic necrosis of the stomach tube. The overall incidence of stricture was 7.6 % (1113). During the 8 month follow-up period, the remaining 11 patients did not show any clinica evidence of stricture such as dysphagia. All patients were on a regular diet. We conclude that our new technique for cervical EG anastomosis with GIA-Endo stapler is a safe and convenient procedure in preventing anastomotic stricture.