• 공연문화연구
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• 제36호
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• pp.751-781
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• 2018

월정사 탑돌이는 광복 이후 재현된 첫 번째 불교민속놀이로 불교문화로서의 대표성과 역사성을 지닌 주요 무형문화재이다. 월정사 탑돌이는 한국 고유의 전통성과 강원도의 정체성이 내재된 불교민속유산이라는 점에서 지정 가치가 크다. 전국 사찰에서 탑돌이가 시연되고 있지만 무형문화재 지정을 기반으로 체계적인 전승이 이루어지고 있는 경우는 월정사 탑돌이가 유일하다. 월정사 탑돌이의 문화재 내재적 가치에 주목해야 할 이유이다. 탑돌이는 부처님, 탑에 대한 예경방식의 총체적 표현물이다. 월정사 탑돌이의 원형은 추정하기 어려우나, 월정사의 역사성으로 보아 고구려 계통의 놀이와 신라 복회(福會)에 닿아 있다. 고구려벽화의 달, 오대산 화엄사상경 배경과 팔각구층탑의 본질의 측면에서 우요삼잡의 예법에 부합한다. 탑돌이 때 처음에는 범종, 고(鼓), 운판, 목어의 사법악기(四法樂器)만 쓰이다가 후에 삼현육각(三弦六角)이 합쳐지고, "보렴"과 "백팔정진가"을 부른 것을 보면 처음에는 순수한 불교의식이던 것이 차츰 민속화해서 민중 속에 전파된 것을 알 수 있다. 월정사 탑돌이의 전형은 회향의례의 환희심을 체험하는 우요삼잡의 풀이와 관련된다. 절에서 대재(大齎)가 있으면 신도들은 공양을 올린다. 이때에 염불, 범음(梵音), 범패(梵唄)가 따르며, 재가 끝나면 신도는 승려와 함께 불탑을 돌면서 부처님의 공덕을 빌고, 또 저마다의 기원을 빈다. 일신의 왕생극락은 물론 국태민안을 빌어 태평성대를 누리고자 하였다. 큰 재일수록 많은 신도들이 모이며 따라서 탑돌이도 성황을 이루었다. 법음(法音)에 맞춰 제각기 소원을 외면서 탑을 도는 모습은 엄숙하였다. 월정사 탑돌이의 변형과 융합에 대한 발상은 전형 곧 문화재 지정의 취지 유지와 정체성 차원을 살리되 전승의 공연화를 위한 계승적 전략이 필요하다. 한국탑돌이는 4월 초팔일과 중추절인 한가위 날에는 탑돌이가 있었다. 탑돌이의 공연성은 스님이 염주를 들고 탑을 돌면서 부처의 큰 뜻과 공덕을 노래하면 사찰 신도들이 그 뒤를 따라 등을 밝혀 들고 탑을 돌면서 극락왕생을 기원하는 회향형(回向型) 불교민속놀이에 있다. 공연성 활성화는 신행 보유자 전승교육, 전문가 자문의 다차원 접근, 원형 재현의 담론 등을 단계적으로 보강하여야 한다.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.150-157
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• 1999

In this study, the loader was completed that has 4-wheel gear driven drivetrain of study (Ⅰ), the 4-wheel steering with power wheel type, all-wheel traction system, and joy-stick type lever for hydraulic control valve. From driving test of the developed 4WD and 4WS type loader, we obtained that the minimum circling radius and the necessary width in circling motion reduced about 40% and 33% compared with 2WS type loader. Also, all-wheel traction system could keep the tires glued to the ground with greater stability, the power steering allowed a smoother operation, and the joy-stick type lever offered easily to control. Thus, the developed loader having these functions was very fit in a small cattle shed or rugged ground.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

Air drying technology was developed as an equipment for reducing of moisture content from wastewater treatment and waterworks sludge cake and reproducing it by reusable matter. Advantage of cyclone type pneumatic dehydrator is simple and excellent drying performance. The air drying equipment was composed to the air ejector which made high-speed fluid field, and cyclone which made circling fluid field. Dewatered cake was crushed at the high-speed zone as first step, and formed with dried powder of sphere shape by the collision between particles at the circling fluid zone. In this study, a CFD analysis has been performed to predict air-sludge particles flow in cyclone and ejector of pneumatic dehydrator. The computational results showed typical Rankine vortex structure which was frequently found in swirling flow phenomena. And the conical type wedge in lower part of a cyclone prevented accumulation of the sludge particles in the cyclone. Therefore, this technology was effective in drying of dehydrated cake of waterworks sludge.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2016

After a thorough investigation of aviation accidents involving Korean national carriers both inside and outside of Korea and also after reviewing catastrophic events involving foreign carriers in Korea, we found numerous accidents that caused fatalities and serious personal injuries. Although the aircrafts involved were found to have no specific defects, many of the accidents were caused by the pilot's misjudgement according to previous studies. Our research is to find an new procedure to help the prevention of similar accidents by focusing particularly on CFIT accidents during the procedural operations of Non Precision Approach, Circling Approach and Visual Approach. Therefore, we emphasize the significance of this research on the development of the new checklist that will help achieve a safe and effective procedural operation for non precision approaches.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2017

Inhibition of $K^+$ outward currents by linopirdine in the outer hair cells (OHCs) of circling mice (homozygous (cir/cir) mice), an animal model for human deafness (DFNB6 type), was investigated using a whole cell patch clamp technique. Littermate heterozygous (+/cir) and ICR mice of the same age (postnatal day (P) 0 -P6) were used as controls. Voltage steps from -100 mV to 40 mV elicited small inward currents (-100 mV~-70 mV) and slow rising $K^+$ outward currents (-60 mV~40 mV) which activated near -50 mV in all OHCs tested. Linopirdine, a known blocker of $K^+$ currents activated at negative potentials ($I_{K,n}$), did cause inhibition at varying degree (severe, moderate, mild) in $K^+$ outward currents of heterozygous (+/cir) or homozygous (cir/cir) mice OHCs in the concentration range between 1 and $100{\mu}m$, while it was apparent only in one ICR mice OHC out of nine OHCs at $100{\mu}m$. Although the half inhibition concentrations in heterozygous (+/cir) or homozygous (cir/cir) mice OHCs were close to those reported in $I_{K,n}$, biophysical and pharmacological properties of $K^+$ outward currents, such as the activation close to -50 mV, small inward currents evoked by hyperpolarizing steps and TEA sensitivity, were not in line with $I_{K,n}$ reported in other tissues. Our results show that the delayed rectifier type $K^+$ outward currents, which are not similar to $I_{K,n}$ with respect to biophysical and pharmacological properties, are inhibited by linopirdine in the developing (P0~P6) homozygous (cir/cir) or heterozygous (+/cir) mice OHCs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2015

$K^+$ outward currents in the outer hair cells (OHCs) of circling mice (homozygous (cir/cir) mice), an animal model for human deafness (DFNB6 type), were investigated using a whole cell patch clamp technique. Littermate heterozygous (+/cir) mice of the same age (postnatal day (P) 0-P6) were used as controls. Similar slow rising $K^+$ currents were observed in both genotypes, but their biophysical and pharmacological properties were quite different. The values of Vhalf for activation were significantly different in the heterozygous (+/cir) and homozygous (cir/cir) mice ($-8.1{\pm}2.2mV$, heterozygous (+/cir) mice (n=7) and $-17.2{\pm}4.2mV$, homozygous (cir/cir) mice (n=5)). The inactivation curve was expressed by a single first order Boltzmann equation in the homozygous (cir/cir) mice, while it was expressed by a sum of two first order Boltzmann equations in the heterozygous (+/cir) mice. The $K^+$ current of homozygous (cir/cir) mice was more sensitive to TEA in the 1 to 10 mM range, while the 4-AP sensitivities were not different between the two genotypes. Removal of external $Ca^{2+}$ did not affect the $K^+$ currents in either genotype, indicating that the higher sensitivity of $K^+$ current to TEA in the homozygous (cir/cir) mice was not due to an early expression of $Ca^{2+}$ activated $K^+$ channels. Our results suggest that the $K^+$ outward current of developing homozygous (cir/cir) mice OHCs is different in both biophysical and pharmacological aspects than that of heterozygous (+/cir) mice.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2004

When a straight-in landing from an instrument approach using ILS or VOR/DME is not possible or desirable because of topographical reason or bad weather, a circling approach maneuver is initiated by the pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing. Visual contact with the runway is necessary while conducting a circle to land maneuver. This research is to develop a new warning system based on a conventional marker system which alerts pilots to watch out for exceeding the circling approach area. The airborne system also uses the same receiver unit without any new installations. The objective of this research is to design and develop a Yagi antenna in a special form. The research includes computer simulations to determine the size of antenna radiation pattern and to compute an expected flight path in case of alarm to validate effectiveness of the system.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Aviation industry is growing rapidly, and this growth is expected to continue. However, aircraft accident rate is still high, and 65 percent of accidents occur during landing phase due to unstable approach. Therefore, this research analyzed causes and countermeasures of unstable approach. In order to derive countermeasures, this study selected P International Airport as an example case. In addition, this research analyzed A airline's FOQA data, regional Standard Operating Procedures, and 5 years of environmental factors to identified correlation of those contributing factors. In conclusion, his research concluded following results. First of all, because of P International Airport's geological features, pilots are required to conduct Circling Approach, and this advanced maneuver increases workload at the final stage of flight. Secondarily, meteorological factors such as crosswind, seasonal rain front, local visibility contributes unstable approach. Lastly, these geological and meteorological factors are interrelated, and this uncommon environment can decrease circumstantial judgement ability of pilots and jeopardize aviation safety. As a consequence, it is recommended to reinforce the Crew Resource Management and Threat & Error Management systems so that pilots can perceive identical safety target.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1996

도시의 발달로 도시 외곽 도로의 산지를 통과하는 도로의 건설이 요구되지만 그 계획을 실행함에 있어서 많은 문제점들이 있다. 이것은 도로계획시 노선의 위치를 결정하는데 있어서 토공작업을 예측하고, 경관을 식별하여, 식생 및 토지이용 관계를 해석하므로 계획과 실행에서 도움을 주는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 36km에 달하는 광주 외곽을 순회하는 도시고속순환도로 중 제 1구간인 동광주 I.C 에서 소태 I.C까지의 노선의 일부 5Km를 연구 대상으로 결정하여 G.I.S에 의해 해석하였다. 그리고 설계도의 계획고와 같은 자료를 이용하여 조망 위치에 따라 달라지는 경관을 구간별로 도시하였으며, 광주의 명소인 무등산 주위를 순환하는 본 연구지를 G.I.S기법을 이용하여 지형경관을 해석하여 결론을 얻었다

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

This paper describes a naturally occurring case of meningoencephalitis associated with Listeria monocytogenes in a 4 month-old Korean native goat. The goat was raised in a herd consisting of seventy goats, and fed on straw and leftover vegetables including onions, cauliflower, and bean sprouts. The clinical symptoms of the goat were depression, in appetence, anorexia, circling, and recumbency before death. No conspicuous gross lesions were found except consolidation of the lung. Histopathologically, severe multifocal microabscesses and perivascular cuffings were observed in the brain stem and mid brain. In addition, mild nonsuppurative meningitis in the cerebrum were seen in this case. The organism isolated from the brain stem was confirmed as L. monocytogenes using the biochemical tests and PCR assay. Based on clinical signs, histopathology, and bacterial isolation; we confirmed that this case was a typical encephalitic listeriosis.