• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2004

Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) were investigated. Essential oils used in this study were added to soybean oil and stored at $65^{\circ}C$ for 9 days to examine their antioxidant activities using peroxide value (POV). The results showed that dill essential oil possessed a higher antioxidant activity than cassia essential oil. Strong antimicrobial activity was observed in cassia essential oil, whereas low activity was observed in dill essential oil against the test microorganisms. Heat stability and cell growth inhibitions were investigated with different concentrations of cassia oil. Results showed that cassia oil had thermal stability in a wide range of $70-160^{\circ}C$. Cassia inhibited cell growth of Bacillus cereus KCTC 1022, Micrococcus luteus A TCC 9341 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, but not great on Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 at level of 200 ppm. In conclusion, the results indicate that dill essential oil could be a potential candidate for an antioxidative agent, while cassia essential oil could be suitable for use as an antimicrobial agent in the food industry.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2017

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of the mixed herbal extract from Cinnamomum cassia Blume, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Pueraria lobata Benth, and Aconitum carmichaeli Debx (CAPA) on obesity and glucose tolerance in obese mice. Methods: Animals were divided in 6 groups, normal diet, high fat diet (HFD), HFD with CAPA 100 mg/kg (CAPA 100), CAPA 300 mg/kg (CAPA 300), and metformin 200 mg/kg or lorcaserin 10 mg/kg as positive controls, and treated for 16 weeks. Body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose, and body temperature were checked every week and then organs, blood serums were collected after treatment. The oral glucose tolerance test was also carried out after treatment. Results: Compared to HFD, CAPA extract treated mice showed significant decreases in body weight, adipose tissue weight, lipid accumulations in liver and serum lipid levels without a reduction of food intake. And fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were all improved in the CAPA treated mice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that CAPA extract can prevent diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance without a reduction of energy intake in obese mice.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1279-1288
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) extracts (extracted with different solvents) at various concentrations and to determine product quality of raw chicken patties added with different levels of cinnamon powder (CP) and oyster mushroon powder (OMP) during storage. Methods: After cinnamon was made into oven dried CP and extracted with water and different levels (50%, 80%, and 100%) of ethanol, antioxidant activities of these extracts were determined. CP and OMP were combined at different levels and added to raw chicken patties. Physicochemical properties and microbial counts were measured during refrigerated storage. Results: Cinnamon ethanol (80%) extract showed the highest (p<0.05) by 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Cinnamon water extract (CWE) had the highest iron chelating ability (p<0.05), while CP 100% ethanol extract had the highest content of total phenolic compound. Then, CP and OMP were applied to chicken patties at different levels (0.1% to 0.2%). After the addition of CPs, pH, L* (lightness), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and volatile basic nitrogen values were decreased, whereas a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were increased. Microbial counts of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceace were decreased with the addition of CP 0.2% regardless of the OMP level. Conclusion: The addition of CP in combination with OMP can increase the shelf-life of chicken patties during storage.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2005

trans-Cinnamaldehyde, a major component of Cinnamomum cassia, was quantitatively analyzed using the $^1H-NMR$ spectrometry. Applicability of this method was confirmed through observing the variation of chemical shift in the $^1H-NMR$ spectrum of t-cinnamaldehyde and the integration value according to various sample concentrations or running temperatures. When the $^1H-NMR$ spectrometry was run for t-cinnamaldehyde (7.1429 mg/ml) at 19, 25, 30, 40 and $50^{\circ}C$, the chemical shifts of the doublet methine signal due to an aldehyde group were observed at 9.7202, 9.7184, 9.7169, 9.7142 and 9.7124 ppm, respectively, to imply that the running temperature had no significant variation in the chemical shift of the signal. The integration values of the signal were $1.37\;(19^{\circ}C),\;1.37\;(25^{\circ}C),\;1.37\;(30^{\circ}C),\;1.37(40^{\circ}C)$ and $1.37(50^{\circ}C)$, respectively, to also indicate running temperature gave no effect on the integration value. When the sample solutions with various concentrations such as 0.4464, 0.8929, 1.7857, 3.5714, 7.1429 and 14.286 mg/ml were respectively measured for the $^1H-NMR$ at $25^{\circ}C$, the chemical shifts of the aldehyde group were observed at 9.7206, 9.7201, 9.7196, 9.7192, 9.7185 and 9.7174 ppm. Even though the signal was slightly shifted to the high field in proportion to the increase of sample concentration, the alteration was not significant enough to applicate this method. The calibration curve for integration values of the doublet methine signal due to the aldehyde group vs the sample concentration was linear and showed very high regression rate ($r^2=1.0000$). Meantime, the $^1H-NMR$ spectra (7.1429 mg/ml $CDCl_3,\;25^{\circ}C$) of t-cinnamaldehyde and t-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde, another constituent of Cinnamomum cassia, showed the chemical shifts of the aldehyde group as ${\delta}_H$ 9.7174 (9.7078, 9.7270) for the former compound and ${\delta}_H$ 9.6936 (9.6839, 9.7032) for the latter one. The difference of the chemical shift between two compounds was big enough to be distinguished using the NMR spectrometer with 0.45 Hz of resolution. The contents of cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamomum cassia, which were respectively extracted with n-hexane, $CHCl_3$, and EtOAc, were determiend as 94.2 \;mg/g (0.94%), 137.6 mg/g (1.38%) and 140.1 mg/g(1.40%) t-cinnamaldehyde in each extract, respectively, by using the above method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.510-517
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the antiobesity effect of supercritical fluid extracts (SFC) and marc methanol extracts (SFM) from Cinnamomum verum in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In inducing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail, iso-butylmethylanthine (IBMX), dexamathasone, and insulin, treatment with fraction residue SFC and SFM. SFC significantly reduced the mRNA expression of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activate-dreceptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), the sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), and the CCAAT enhancer-binding-protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, SFC markedly down-regulated acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ASC1), fatty acid synthesis (FAS), fatty acid transport-1 (FATP1), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), and perilipin. These findings suggest that SFC may be a potential therapeutic adjunct for obesity by targeting the differentiation of preadipocytes, as well as their functions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.437-446
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• 2017

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum. cassia and C. aromaticum) on the glycemic response with a focus on the preparation of dehydrated powder and water extract. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Science Direct, and the Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) through May 2017. In the meta-analysis for the preparation of powder, eight trials reporting fasting blood glucose (FBG), four trials reporting HbA1c, and three trials reporting the postprandial glycemic response were included. For the water extract, six trials reporting FBG and four trials reporting HbA1c were eligible for this study. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size. Results: Cassia cinnamon powder intake significantly lowered FBG by -1.55 mmol/L (95% CI, -2.45, -0.64; p = 0.001) and the AUC of postprandial blood glucose level by $-51.8mmol/L{\cdot}min$ (95% CI, -85.5, -18.1; p = 0.003). There was a significant difference in FBG between water extract of cinnamon and placebo of -0.76 mmol/L (95% CI, -1.09, -0.43; p = 0.000). However, blood HbA1c level was not significantly altered by any preparation of cinnamon. No statistical heterogeneity was observed for any analysis except in the case of FBG for cinnamon powder. Results of funnel plots and Egger's regression suggest a low likelihood of publication bias in all biomarkers (p > 0.05). Conclusion: According to this meta-analysis, there was possible evidence to support a relationship between cassia cinnamon intake and fasting glucose in both preparation of powder and water extract. Furthermore, new evidence of the health benefits on postprandial glucose regulation of cinnamon powder was obtained.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-63
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• 2019

This study analyzed the characteristics of vegetation structure of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum japonicum) community in the area of mount Tachibana, Kasuya county, Fukuoka Prefecture designated as a special natural monument in Japan. The survey showed overwhelming dominance of canopy tree in the canopy layer (about 30 m in tree heights and 92.79 cm in average breast height diameter) but no appearance in the understory layer or the shrub layer. In the understory layer and the shrub layer, Castanopsis sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which were the competing species to the canopy layer and the late-successional species in the warm temperate climate zone, were mainly distributed. Moreover, the species diversity was generally low, indicating the vegetation characteristics that was not typical of evergreen broad-leaved forests. This is presumably because camphor trees were actively planted, protected, and cultivated to produce camphor which was valuable in the past. Although this site has not been artificially managed for the past 90 years as the raw materials of camphor have not been collected, vegetation transition did not proceed, which is unique. It is probably due to the fact that camphor was overwhelmingly dominant in the canopy layer so that the inflows of species were restricted, and young tree germination did not occur due to the allelopathy effects of camphor trees.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.242-255
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• 2019

In this study, we examined the antimicroboal effect against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia which were the bacteria causing the Periodontopathic by using 34 types of natural plant extracts. Therefore, this study measures growth inhibition activity and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of a sample extract with the use of organic solvent extracts in order to analyze the antibacterial effect of natural plant extracts on periodontopathic bacteria. Each of the 34 types of natural plant extracts were extracted by using the ethanol, and subsequently, the size of growth inhibition zone(clear zone, ㎜) of respective extracts were measured through the disk diffusion method. As a result, it was found that the growth inhibitory activity was found for A. actinomycetemcomitans, which is the bacteria causing the Periodontitis, in 13 types of natural plant extracts such as Raphanus sativus, Akebia quinata, Paeonia lactiflora, Belamcanda chinensis, Inula britannics, Houttuynia cordata, Forsythia saxatilis, Gentiana macrophylla, Melia azedarach, Scutellaria baicalensis, Coptis chinensis, Phellodendron amurense, Kalopanax Pictus, etc. In the case of P. intermedia, the growth inhibitory activity was found in 13 types of natural plant extracts such as Raphanus sativus, Angelica acutiloba, Akebia quinata, Belamcanda chinensis, Inula britannics, Houttuynia cordata, Cinnamomum cassia, Aster tataricus, Melia azedarach, Scutellaria baicalensis, Coptis chinensis, Phellodendron amurense, Kalopanax Pictus etc. For A. actinomycetemcomitans, anti-bacterial effect was exhibited in Belamcanda chinensis, Cinnamomum cassia, Kalopanax Pictus, Phellodendron amurense, Coptis chinensis. The Coptis chinensis showed the most excellent growth inhibitory activity in all organic solvent fragment, while P. intermedia showed the growth inhibitory activity in Belamcanda chinensis, Cinnamomum cassia, Meliaazedarach, Phellodendron amurense, and Coptis chinensis.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2021

In this study, the extract of Cinnamomum yabunikkei leaves were investigated for the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities and their active constituents were identified. In the anti-inflammatory tests using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) without causing cell toxicity. In addition, the EtOAc fraction reduced expression of iNOS protein and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β). Upon the anti-oxidative studies by DPPH and ABTS+ radicals, potent radical scavenging activities were observed in the EtOAc fraction. Five phytochemicals were isolated from the extract of C. yabunikkei leaves; (4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enone (1), methoxy-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanediol (2), afzelin (3), nicotiflorine (4) and narcissin (5). As far as we know, compounds 1-5 were isolated for the first time from this plant. In the anti-inflammatory tests for the isolates, compound 1, 3, 4 and 5 were determined to decrease NO production without causing cell toxicity. Furthermore, compound 1 reduced expression of iNOS protein and exhibited potent inhibitory activities of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Based on these results, it was suggested that the extract and isolated compounds from C. yabunikkei leaves could be potentially applicable as natural source for pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic ingredients.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2021

This evaluation tested the skin irritation and sensitization of an acaricide (Wagoojabi II®, WGJB) for the control of poultry red mite, containing 20% Chamaecyparis obtusa oil and 56% Cinnamomum camphora oil. In a primary skin irritation test, rabbits were dermally treated with WGJB for 24 h. The acaricide did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema and edema 24 h after topical application. So, the acaricide was classified as a practically mild-irritating material based on a 0.625 primary irritation index score. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1mL WGJB for 24 h. After 1 week, The WGJB was treated on the site of injection, and challenged 2 weeks later. The WGJB did not induce any allergic reactions. Therefore, the WGJB was graded as a weak material at '0' in both sensitization score and rate. From the results of this study, it is suggested that WGJB does not cause contact irritation and sensitization.