• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-82
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• 1984

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of porous plug wrapping and perforated tipping paper on tip ventilation rate of cigarettes. The wider perforated width of tipping paper was and the more rows Perforation were given, the more increased the effort on the tip ventilation rate, and the high porous plug wrap also had a influence on the tip ventilation rate. Tip ventilation rate purposed would be obtained by adjusting the permeability of tipping papers with high porous plug wrap. To keep the cigarette quality uniform, the high porous plug wrapping paper and the tipping paper of small pore and many rows of perforation must be combined.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.342-348
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• 2014

This paper introduced a novel multi-gas sensor detector with simple signal processing algorithm. This device was evaluated by investigating the characteristics of combustible materials using fire-generated smell and smoke. Plural sensors including TGS821, TGS2442, and TGS260X were equipped to detect carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas, and gaseous air contaminants which exist in cigarette smoke, respectively. Signal processing algorithm based on the difference of response times in fire-generated gases was implemented with early and accurately fire detection from multiple gas sensing signals. All fire experiments were performed in a virtual fire chamber. The cigarette, cotton fiber, hair, polyester fiber, nylon fiber, paper, and bread were used as a combustible material. This analyzing software and sensor controlling algorithm were embedded into 8-bit micro-controller. Also the detected multiple gas sensor signals were simultaneously transferred to the personnel computer. The results showed that the air pollution detecting sensor could be used as an efficient sensor for a fire detector which showed high sensitivity in volatile organic compounds. The proposed detecting algorithm may give more information to us compared to the conventional method for determining a threshold value. A fire detecting device with a multi-sensor is likely to be a practical and commercial technology, which can be used for domestic and office environment as well as has a comparatively low cost and high efficiency compared to the conventional device.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2016

Scientific evidence on all aspects of smoking amongst youth is very important for designing appropriate interventions to reduce smoking among this vulnerable population. This paper describes current access to anti-smoking information among school children aged 13 to 15 years in Vietnam in 2014 and examines its potential impact on preventing smoking initiation. The data used in this paper were obtained from the 2014 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in Vietnam. Students were asked questions about their level of awareness of anti-smoking information from various sources in the past 30 days and about lessons in school regarding the dangers of tobacco use during the last 12 months. Those who have never smoked were asked "whether or not they thought about avoiding cigarettes because of health warnings on cigarette packages" and answers were analyzed in combination with data on access to anti-smoking information from other sources. The prevalence of exposure to antismoking campaigns was high among school children in Viet Nam: 55.3% of current smokers reported thoughts of smoking cessation because of health warnings on cigarette packages; 60.5% of never smokers avoided initiating smoking because of the same health warnings. The potential impact of graphic health warnings to prevent school-aged children from smoking initiation would be stronger if there was concurrent access to anti-smoking programs on the dangers of tobacco use in schools. However, school education for tobacco prevention and control has not been as strong as expected. A more comprehensive school curriculum on tobacco prevention and control is recommended to reinforce antismoking messages among school children.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.93-97
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• 1999

Tobacco stalks are greatly produced as annual agricultural wastes. These residues are available approximately 70,000 tons per year. This study was performed to evaluate the potentials of tobacco stalks as a new resource for reconstituent tobacco sheet. Tobacco stalk was more lignified than cereal straws, and had similar chemical constituents to hardwood. Pulping yields by cooling at 170$^{\circ}C$ of dry and green tobacco stalks were 56.7% and 66.3% , respectively. Around 50$^{\circ}$SR freeness level of mixed pulp was adjusted by mixing more than 10% chemical pulp9CP) in the case of dry tobacco stalk and more than 15% CP with wet one. By immersing this handsheet in extracted cooking liquors, reconsitutent sheet contained about 0.28% of nicotines could be prepared. This sheet had enough strength properties for cigarette paper making . In conclusion, it was proved that tobacco stalk could be used to produce the reconstituent tobacco sheet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 1983

The ventilation of cigarette samples made by the combination of various acetate tow denier and porous plug wrapping paper have been investigated The ventilation rate increased no longer in the acetate tow with high mono denier and low total denier but changed slightly in that with low mono denier and high total denier when the porosity of plug wrapping paper was more than 6500cm/min. cbar. Tip pressure drop ratio, Y, was significantly influenced by tip ventilation rate, X. i. e., Y = 1.0880-0.0042x The relationships of ventilation rate, $X_v$. and smoke delivery, Y, were as follows; Tar : $Y_r$= -14.0458-0.1650$X_v$ Nicotine : $Y_N$= - 1.1045-0.0125$X_v$ CO : $Y_{co}$=17.2806-0.2090$X_v$

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.79-90
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• 1997

The world-wide cigarette market is becoming increasingly regulated. This involves restrictions on the freedom to advertise, restrictions on where people can smoke, and in some ways of most importance, limits on cigarette smoke deliveries. In particular, in an increasingly large number of countries maximum tar legislation is being enacted. In many cases, such as the European Union, this type of legislation is progressive and over time it is entirely conceivable that maximum permitted tar deliveries will be reduced to as low as 5 mg, possibly with additional restrictions on smoke nicotine deliveries. In addition, the pace of change is increasing as more and more countries embark on tar reduction programmes. The key challenge facing the cigarette industry is to manage these changes in such a way which ensures that product acceptability is maintained at as high a level as is possible in these circumstances. There are a number of ways of achieving this involving filter ventilation, modifying blends and using different filter constructions The real innovation comes when combining these in a way that gives the most acceptable balance of all these competing variables as far as the smoker is concerned. Undoubtedly, the nature of the filter is of crucial importance in designing the most acceptable low tar products, and this paper will discuss some of the filter types which are currently in use in the various low tar markets around the world. Also, some thoughts about the future in terms of new filter developments will be presented.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.531-536
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• 1994

Wrapping machines in cigarette factories are equipped with indexing drive units with roller gear cam. At present there are no simple, visual, diagnostic techniques for predicting failure in these nits at an early stage. This paper proposes that failure could be predicted by using either a modified version of kurtosis, or the Wigner distribution method. The nonlinear vibration model proposed in this paper takes into consideration the play between the m and the cam follower, and precisely simulates the actual vibration. Statistics on the variance in play, obtained from the data on time history, call then be used to evaluate the effects of tile mage oil the cam and cam follower.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2004

ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) is composed of exhaled mainstream smoke (MS) from the smoker, sidestream smoke (SS) emitted from the smoldering tobacco between puffs and contaminants that diffuse through the cigarette paper and mouth between puffs. These emissions contain both vapor phase and particulate contaminants. ETS is a complex mix of over 4,000 compounds. This mix contains many known or suspected human carcinogens and other toxic agents. More of these toxic compounds are found in SS than in MS. Workplace exposure to ETS can result in significant smoke intake, and passive smoke exposure may be related to impair respiratory function and an increase risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers. For nonsmokers sharing a work environment with cigarette smokers, the workplace must be considered hazardous independently of any specific industrial toxic exposure. The risk is particularly important when a high percentage of the workers smoke or where smokers and nonsmokers work in poorly ventilated areas. Nicotine is converted in the body to cotinine; cotinine therefore can be used as an indirect measure of a person's recent exposure to tobacco smoke. Levels of nicotine in hair and levels of cotinine in body fluids (saliva and urine) have been shown to increase with increasing environmental nicotine levels and with self-reported ETS exposure. The measurement of nicotine or cotinine in hair may be more appropriate for longer-term exposure to tobacco. The purpose of this study is to comparing airborne nicotine levels and hair cotinine level in restaurant workers. Concentration of airborne nicotine and hair nicotine (and cotinine) is closely related to exposed frequency of sidestream smoke in the workplace. Nicotine in hair is a better predictor of airborne nicotine than hair cotinine. Hair nicotine can be a useful tool to assess ETS exposure interventions. It may have limiting levels of ETS exposure by placing regulatory restrictions on smoking in workplaces and in public spaces.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2010

Tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke exposure are linked to a number of adverse health outcomes. There is a new concept of thirdhand smoke that is residual tobacco smoke contamination remained after the cigarette is extinguished. This paper reviews published studies examining the residual tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke can be attached to various surfaces and reemitted to air for long period of time. The dynamic process can allow thirdhand smoke exposure to tobacco smoke without direct exposure to secondhand smoke. One critical evidence of the thirdhand smoke exposure was significantly high urinary cotinine level of infant who did not have direct secondhand smoke exposure. Potential exposure to new and more potent chemicals generated from chemical reactions between residual tobacco smoke and ambient air pollutants can get more attention. Considering toxicity and exposure route, children are uniquely susceptible to thirdhand smoke exposure. The review provides strong background information for thirdhand smoke but warrant more researches on this issue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 1997

Nonvolatile polyhydroxyalkylpyrazines(PHAPs) are known to degrade volatile pyrazine compounds having positive aroma and sensory attributes during cigarette smoking. In this paper, the content of PHAPs in burley tobacco leaves toasted to different levels as temperature and time study were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and was also investigated effects of added sugars, sucrose, glucose or fructose, on the generation of PHAPs during toasting. The addition of glucose or fructose as casing sauce in burley tobacco leaves resulted in significant increases, especially 2,6-deoxyfructosaBine from glucose added leaves and 2,5-deoxyfructosazint from fructose added leaves, in generation of PHAPs during toasting, while control and sucrose added leaves did not observed in generation of PHAPS. Formation rates of PHAPs in glucose or fructose added tobacco leaves, but not sucrose, showed a strong dependence on both toasting temperature and time.